Test 1 Chap 2 (7th Ed.) Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology

What is Pathophysiology? - correct answer The systematic study of the functional changes in cells, tissues, and organs altered by disease and or injury. Atrophy - correct answer against growing so cells decreasing in size hypertrophy - correct answer increase in cellular size dysplasia - correct answer atypical hyperplasia, an abnormal change in the size, shape, and organization of mature tissue cells deranged cellular growth (normal cells but in the wrong place) (often occurs due to persistent severe injury or irritation) PMN - correct answer abbreviation for the fancy name for a neutrophil metaplasia - correct answer reversible replacement of one mature cell type by another less mature cell type. (often occurs due to chronic injury or irritation) primary intention - correct answer little scar tissue - clott, regular tissue regenerates secondary intention - correct answer remains open, ends in a lot of scar tissue tertiary intention - correct answer wound is sutured closed but there's pus under neath how is metaplasia thought to develop? - correct answer from a reprogramming of stem cells existing in most epithelia or of undifferentiated mesenchymal cells in connective tissue what are different mechanisms of cellular adaption? - correct answer atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, dysplasia, and metaplasia when does cellular injury occur? - correct answer if cell is unable to maintain homeostasis - either reversibly or irreversibly what are some cellular injury mechanisms? - correct answer hypoxia, free radicals, chemical injury, blunt force, asphyxial injuries, infections, immunologic, and inflammatory injuries hypoxia - correct answer not enough oxygen what's the most common cause of cellular injury? - correct answer hypoxic injury what does hypoxic injury result from? - correct answer 1. Reduced amount of oxygen in the air 2. Loss of hemoglobin or decreased efficacy of hemoglobin 3. Decreased production of red blood cells 4. Diseases of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems 5. Poisoning of the oxidative enzymes (cytochromes) within the cells 6. Ischema what is the most common cause of hypoxia? - correct answer ischema Ischema - correct answer reduced blood supply Ischemia-reperfusion injury - correct answer additiional injury that can be caused by restoration of blood flow and oxygen anoxia - correct answer without oxygen what does anoxia do? - correct answer it decreases ATP, causing failure of sodium-potassium pump and sodium-calcium exchange. It also causes cellular swelling and vacuolation. reperfusion is what? - correct answer reoxygenation hydropic degeneration - correct answer accumulation of water in the cell which eventually will probably lead to the cell exploding thrombus - correct answer a blood clot that is not moving embolus - correct answer moving blood clot a chemical that is not usually found in the body - correct answer Xenobiotics what do free radicals damage? - correct answer lipids, proteins, DNA, and mitochondria what do hypersensitivity reactions range from? - correct answer mild skin rashes to immune - mediated organ failure contusion - correct answer bruise in which the bleeding has stopped hematoma - correct answer bruise in which there is a pooling of blood in a close space infiltrate - correct answer accumulate substance what are the two types of cellular death? - correct answer necrotic and apoptosic what is apoptosis? - correct answer programmed cell death what is necrosis? - correct answer the sum of cellular changes after local cell death and the process of cellular self-digestion, known as autodigestion or autolysis Where does coagulative necrosis primarily exist? and due to what? - correct answer in the kidneys, heart, and adrenal glands commonly a result from hypoxia (caused by severe ischemia or hypoxia caused by chemical injury, expecially ingestion of mercuric chloride) in coagulative necrosis, what is the actual coagulation portion caused by? - correct answer protein denaturation what does liquefactive necrosis typically result from? - correct answer ischemic injury to neurons and glial cells in the brain why is dead brain tissue readily affected by liquefactive necrosis? - correct answer brain cells are rich in the digestive hydrolytic enzymes and lipids, and the brain contains little connective tissue how does a bacterial infection sometimes result in liquefactive necrosis? - correct answer the hydrolases are released from the lysosomes of neutrophils resulting in the accumulation of pus what is a common cause of caseous necrosis? - correct answer tuberculosis pulmonary infection, particularly Mycobacterium tuberculosis Caseous necrosis - correct answer a combination of coagulative and liquefactive necrosis where does fat necrosis usually occur? - correct answer in the breast, pancreas, and other abdominal structures what is fat necrosis? - correct answer cellular dissolution caused by lipases (enzymes which break down triglycerides, releasing free fatty acids, which then combine with calcium, magnesium, and sodium ions, creating soaps. gangrenous necrosis occurs due to what? - correct answer severe hypoxic injury gas gangrene is caused mainly by what? - correct answer clostridium apoptosis is what? - correct answer programmed cellular death and is physiologic what is autophagy? - correct answer a self-destructive and survival mechanism what happens in autophagy? - correct answer cytoplasmic contents are delivered to lysosomes for degradation