Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology (Exam 1)

pathogenic cellular adaption - correct answer occurs from harmful stimuli physiologic cellular adaption - correct answer results from normal aging processes atrophy - correct answer decrease in cell size; can be physiologic or pathogenic physiologic atrophy examples - correct answer brain atrophy comes with age; thymus gland grows from childhood to adolescence pathogenic atrophy examples - correct answer skeletal muscle in a cast so cell size decreases hypertrophy - correct answer increase in cell size; physiologic or pathogenic hypertrophy physiologic examples - correct answer heart enlarges especially during pregnancy hypertrophy pathogenic examples - correct answer heart increases as result of hypertension hyperplasia - correct answer increase in cell number, usually due to increase cell division hyperplasia physiologic examples - correct answer breast tissue development during puberty hyperplasia pathogenic examples - correct answer hyperplasia of prostate gland dysplasia - correct answer abnormal adaption and disorganized cells; variety of cell shapes, size, and organization of cells; no physiologic dysplasia pathogenic examples - correct answer mostly in relation with cancer metaplasia - correct answer replacement of one cell types with another; no physiologic metaplasia pathogenic examples - correct answer respiratory cells of smokers cellular injury - correct answer under stress, cells adapt; however, adaption may not be enough and cells can be injured; mild injuries can be reversible, but irreversible injuries can lead to cell death hypoxic injury - correct answer lack of oxygen to tissues; most common cause of cellular injury gradual hypoxic injury - correct answer ischemia; plaque buildup and less oxygen flow sudden hypoxic injury - correct answer anoxia; caused by blood clot or thrombus reperfusion injury - correct answer byproducts of anaerobic metabolism flow back into blood and can end up in reperfusion injury oxidative stress - correct answer a condition in which the production of oxidants and free radicals exceeds the body's ability to handle them and prevent damage free radicals - correct answer electrically uncharged atoms or groups of atoms with an unpaired electron and makes molecules unstable unpaired electron damage - correct answer lipid per oxidation, alteration of proteins, alteration of DNA (mutations), damage to mitochondria chemical injuries - correct answer direct damage (on cells), exaggerated response (overdose), biologic activation to toxic metabolites, hypersensitivities and related immunologic reactions (allergic reactions, immediate or delayed) biologic activation to toxic metabolites - correct answer drugs/chemicals are broken down in body and have toxic parts, which then tax certain body parts lead (Pb) chemical injury - correct answer crosses the blood brain barrier and causes neural complications carbon monoxide (CO) chemical injury - correct answer CO binds to hemoglobin and kicks oxygen out of system ethanol (C2H6O) chemical injury - correct answer alcohol; neural depressant that causes neural delays mercury (Hg) chemical injury - correct answer CNS depressant that causes neural impairment asphyxial injury - correct answer similar to hypoxic injuries (unable to use enough oxygen); suffocation, strangulation, chemical asphyxiants, drowning chemical asphyxiants - correct answer something binds to hemoglobin better than oxygen; carbon monoxide is example contusion - correct answer bruises; blunt force injuries that cause micro bursting of capillaries hematoma - correct answer blood clot that forms under the skin abrasion - correct answer scratches or rash; removes a couple layers of skin