Pathophysiology - Exam 1 - Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology

What is the most common cause of hypoxia? - correct answer Ischemia What is the most common cause of cellular injury? - correct answer hypoxia Question regarding ischemia: - correct answer Makes cells swell with influx of Na+ (TEST) Narrowing of the arteries due to arteriosclerosis would cause: a. Hypoxia b. Ischemia c. Both hypoxia and ischemia - correct answer c. Both hypoxia and ischemia - Similar question on test but worded regarding oxygen to lungs - hypoxia What type of progressive cell injury response is: Cellular self-destruction for elimination of unwanted cell populations? - correct answer Apoptosis, or programmed cell death A deficiency of oxygen in any tissue is called? - correct answer hypoxia Insufficient blood flow to a tissue, typically resulting in metabolite accumulation and sometimes tissue death is called? - correct answer Ischemia When planning care for a cardiac patient, the nurse knows that in response to an increased workload, cardiac myocardial cells will: a. Increase in size b. Decrease in length c. Increase in excitability d. Increase in number - correct answer a. Increase in size A 40-year-old female is diagnosed with cervical cancer after a Pap smear. Which of the following cellular changes would the nurse most likely see on the report? a. Metaplasia b. Atrophy c. Hypertrophy d. Dysplasia - correct answer d. Dysplasia A 75-year-old male presents with chest pain on exertion. The chest pain is most likely due to hypoxic injury secondary to: a. Malnutrition b. Free radicals c. Ischemia d. Chemical toxicity - correct answer c. Ischemia A patient has a heart attack that leads to progressive cell injury that causes cell death with severe cell swelling and breakdown of organelles. What term would the nurse use to define this process? a. Adaptation b. Pathologic calcification c. Apoptosis d. Necrosis - correct answer d. Necrosis A 52-year-old male suffered a myocardial infarction secondary to atherosclerosis and ischemia. Once oxygen returned to the damaged heart, reperfusion injury occurred as a result of: a. Free radical formation b. Vacuolation c. Increased metabolic state d. Lipid acceptor proteins - correct answer a. Free radical formation Following ischemia and hypoxic cellular injury, which of the following would you expect to find in the injured cells? a. Increased intracellular levels of Ca2+ b. Increased intracellular levels of K+ c. Increased extracellular levels of Na+ d. All of the above - correct answer a. Increased intracellular levels of Ca2+ Liquefactive necrosis is a common consequence of ischemic injury to neurons of the brain because: a. Dead cells disintegrate but the debris is not digested by hydrolases, resulting in tissue that resembles clumped cheese. b. Toxins from anaerobic bacteria destroy the plasma membranes of glial cells releasing excessive amounts of intracellular fluid into the tissue. c. The brain has very little connective tissue, so as cells die the high concentrations of hydrolytic enzymes and lipids in brain cells create a soft, liquefied tissue. d. Brain cells contain high levels of proteins which are denatured to a liquid state. e. None of the above. - correct answer c. The brain has very little connective tissue, so as cells die the high concentrations of hydrolytic enzymes and lipids in brain cells create a soft, liquefied tissue.