Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology

Etiology - correct answer Cause of disease, what set the disease in motion Pathogenesis - correct answer How does the disease evolve? Morphological changes - correct answer Gross anatomic and microscopic changes that are characteristics of a disease Atrophy - correct answer Decrease in cell size Hypertropy - correct answer Increase in cell size Hyperplasia - correct answer Increase in number of cells capable of mitotic division Dysplasia - correct answer Atypical hyperplasia in response to chronic inflammation or irritation Metaplasia - correct answer Replacement of one cell type for better survival Cellular injury - correct answer Leads to injury of tissues and organs determining structural patterns of disease Hypoxic injury - correct answer Injury Due to lack of oxygen Ischemia - correct answer Lack of blood flow into vessels that apply the cell with oxygens and nutrients Anoxia - correct answer Absence of oxygen Free radicals - correct answer Highly reactive chemical species due to high reactivity, tend to be nonspecific Reactive oxygen species - correct answer Leads to oxidative stress Intracellular calcium - correct answer Serves as vital second messenger and cytosolic signal maintained by active transport Free cytosolic Calcium - correct answer Destructive agent due to enzyme activation Cellular accumulation - correct answer Harm cells by crowding organelles and by causing excessive and sometimes harmful metabolites -water -lipids and carbohydrates -glycogen. -calcium -proteins. -urate -pigments Necrosis - correct answer Cell death Always pathologic and includes inflammatory changes Apoptosis - correct answer Type 1-cell death Type 2-autophagic cell death Usually controlled as part of growth process Autophagy - correct answer The cell is able to use part of its own substance for fuel without doing permanent harm Life expectancy - correct answer Average number of years of life remaining at a given age Aging - correct answer Degenerative extracellular changes, cellular aging, tissue and systemic aging, frailty Somatic death - correct answer Death of entire person leading to postmortem changes Algor mortis - correct answer Reduced temperature Livor mortis - correct answer Purple skin discoloration Rigor mortis - correct answer Muscle stiffening Postmortem autolysis - correct answer Putrefactive changes associate with release of enzymes and lytic solution