PRC/USSR/US RELATIONS IN THE COLD WAR - IB HISTORY

PRC/USSR/US RELATIONS IN THE COLD WAR - IB HISTORY Stalin & Mao, period - ANS- Stalin & Mao, ideological differences - ANS-- Stalin believe Mao's vision of peasant revolution wasn't truly Marxist; should use workers to lead urban-based war - Stalin fear Mao as Communist rival, didn't want Cold War in Asia - Stalin support GMD in belief GMD was stronger - Mao see Stalin as non-revolutionary, rather self-interest and wish for weak China Sino-Soviet Treaty of Alliance - ANS-1950 - USSR enthusiasm over CCP victory in Civil War - Soviet expertise & low-interest aid - PRC believe USSR treated them unfriendly in superior feeling, exploitation through loans and hostility towards Chinese guests - Still support construction projects, scientific technology and military Korean War - ANS- - US approaching PRC border, Stalin encourage Mao to send troops, Soviet aid - USSR demand material repayment - Burden on PRC, hostility Post-Stalin relations - ANS- - Despite mutual respect, tension & suspicion - Stalin's death projected better relations - Truce of Korean War calmed tensions - New leaders attempted at making treaties more equal for PRC Sino-Soviet Split, period - ANS- 3 key issues leading to Sino-Soviet Split - ANS-1. de-Stalinization speech of Khrushev (1956), perceived by Mao as an attack on leadership 2. Crushing of Hungarian Uprising (1956), show Soviet inability to control forces, weakness 3. Peaceful coexistence perceived as ideological heresy by Mao Conference of Communist Parties - ANS-1957 - Mao perceive Soviet departure from Marxism to revisionist domination in politics, starting in Geneva Summit (1955) - Appeal to abandon revisionism - See self as only 'real' Communist leader Khrushev Beijing visit - ANS-1958 - Attempt to ease tensions - Made uncomfortable by Mao, e.g. swimming - Deng Xiaoping embarrass Soviet policy, accuse of betrayal and arrogance Taiwan - ANS-1958 - Unresolved issue, PRC troop buildup - US prepare for war, Mao didn't attack due to lack of strength or Soviet support - USSR perceive Mao as lacking understanding, withdraw advisors & contracts Great Leap Forward - ANS-1958 - development of China's agriculture & industry to become independent - Great failures with unexperienced workers - Worsened famine of 1959, economic disaster Great Leap Forward - Sino-Soviet relations - ANS-- USSR criticize GLF in 1959 - Infuriate Mao, wanted revenge by backing Albania (Communist state dissenting from Moscow), 1961 - Krushev criticize Stalinist doctrine, perceived as attack by PRC who replaced Soviet support to Albania - Final blow to relations - Khrushev call Mao 'Asian Hitler, Mao call Khrushev 'redundant old boot' Sino-Indian War - ANS-1962 - Brutal fighting in Tibet for control, argued that Mao was preparing for war with India - US discover a-bomb development through U-2 planes, USSR initially stay neutral but become mediator; this outraged Mao - PRC victory, US gain intelligence, USSR 'betray' PRC by aiding the enemy Cuban Missile Crisis - ANS-1962 - Mao criticize Khrushev's handling of situation; 'lack of revolutionary cause', placement of detectable missiles, backing down & betraying fight with US imperialism - Disagree with peaceful coexistence, accuse USSR of betraying revolution & enabling capitalist exploitation of pre-revolutionary states Cultural Revolution - ANS- - Aim to eliminate bourgeois thinking to re-ignite revolutionary class struggle in PRC and prove Mao as leader post-GLF failures - Spark chaos as attacks got out of hand - USSR criticize Mao for creating state of anarchy - Attack opium trade, West German nuclear research support and apartheid trade - Mao promote 'real' Chinese system to nations Sino-Soviet relations & nuclear weapons - ANS-Constant disputes over military & nuclear power - Sputnik 1957 - Mao engage in brinkmanship & undermine US in lack of fear of nuclear war; feel it was inevitable - Khrushev wanted to use nuclear weapons for coexistence - If China wanted nuclear aid, they'd have to accept Soviet defense policies, which Mao saw as patronizing PRC developed atomic bomb by 1964, show PRC's independence and strength, path to Communist leadership Test-ban Treaty - ANS-1963 - Mao see as abandoning revolution - Khrushev accuse Mao of wanting destruction to leave only China in power PRC & Brezhnev, period - ANS- Mao & Brezhenv - ANS-- 'Stalinist' foreign policy appealed to Mao, relations improved Czechoslovakia - ANS-1968 - Brezhnev Doctrine demonstrated against Czech challenge - Mao condemn force and worry for PRC safety Sino-Soviet border war - ANS-1969 - Threat of nuclear powers - Intensify rivalry for leadership of Communism PRC, USSR & Indochina - ANS-Complex focus point; - PRC had strategic interest on border - USSR didn't want PRC on border Vietnam War, influence on Sino-Soviet relations - ANS-Both want Vietnam on 'their' side of Communism - USSR victory - PRC accuse USSR of 'league' with US Cambodia & Vietnam, influence on Sino-Soviet relations - ANS-PRC loss in Vietnam → focus on Cambodia - Cambodian leader extreme & Maoist 1978 - Vietnam invade Cambodia to overthrow leader, PRC accuse USSR of expansionism & invade Vietnam - USSR present own increased intervention as 'humanitarian' to UN - Despite Vietnam victory against PRC and Cambodia, People's Liberation Army claim success - PRC withdrawal, setback of anti-USSR propaganda & place as Communist world leader Sino-Soviet rapprochement, period - ANS- Reasons for Sino-Soviet rapprochement - ANS-- Mao's death in 1976 → new leader Deng Xiaoping, more tolerant - Brezhnev's death in 1982