PLCY 110 Final Exam Study Guide Questions and Answers with complete solution

Absolute Advantage - The ability of an individual, firm, or country to produce more of a good or service than competitors using the same amount of resources. Anthropogenic global warming - Global warming originating in human activity, especially through Carbon Dioxide emissions. Availability Heuristic - A mental shortcut that relies on immediate examples that come to a given person's mind when evaluating a specific topic, concept, method or decision. Cap and Trade - A system for controlling carbon emissions and other forms of atmospheric pollution by which an upper limit is set on the amount a given business or other organization may produce but which allows further capacity to be bought from other organizations that have not used their full allowance. Chapter VII of the UN Charter - Allows the security council to determine the existence of any threat to peace, breach of the peace, or act of aggression and to take military and nonmilitary action to restore international peace and security. Comparative advantage - The ability of an individual, firm, or country to produce a good or service at a lower opportunity cost than other producers. compensation principle - Difficult to compensate appropriately the losers of trade liberalization. Economic (welfare) rights - Enforcement - Examples of enforcement include: Non-Coercive diplomacy, economic sanctions, military intervention, and prosecution of the individual through means such as truth commissions, universal jurisdictions, and the ICC. Externalities - An unintended by product of activity that is imposed on others.Excludable and rival - Excludable: Goods that can be kept from a certain group of people. Examples include Private Goods and Club Goods. Rival: Goods that people compete in order to be able to use. Examples include Private Goods and Common Goods. Free riders - When people take advantage of being able to use a common resource, or collective good, without paying for it. Genocide - The deliberate killing of a large group of people, especially those of a particular ethnic group or nation. Greenhouse effect - The trapping of the sun's warmth in a planet's lower atmosphere due to the greater transparency of the atmosphere to visible radiation from the sun than to infrared radiation emitted from the planet's surface. Human capital - The skills, knowledge, and experience possessed by an individual or population, viewed in terms of their value or cost to an organization or country. IRCA86 - Immigration Control and Reform Act of 1986. Required employers to attest to their employees' immigration status; made it illegal to hire or recruit illegal immigrants knowingly; legalized certain seasonal agricultural illegal immigrants, and; legalized illegal immigrants who entered the United States before January 1, 1982 and had resided there continuously with the penalty of a fine, back taxes due, and admission of guilt; candidates were required to prove that they were not guilty of crimes, that they were in the country before January 1, 1982, and that they possessed minimal knowledge about U.S. history, government, and the English language. Intergenerational discounting - Having to do with consumption in terms of climate change. There is currently an issue of everyone taking short-term benefits and ignoring the long term costs. They are essentially passing on the costs to the next generations who in turn will do the same. Migrant domestic workers - Domestic workers who do not stay in an area permanently. Many are there for specific periods such as harvest or planting season.Monitoring - Groups that do monitoring include: UN Commission on Human Rights/Human Rights Council, NGO's, the Global Media, and Individual States.