ANSC 440 Final Exam Questions and Complete Solutions

ANSC 440 Final Exam Questions and Complete Solutions Chapter 1 Physiology (field on study they encompass) - Correct Ans: The study of how those parts come together to function, and keep that body alive. Anatomy (field of study they encompass) - Correct Ans: The study of the structure and relationships between body parts. List, briefly explain, and recognize examples of cells and function. - Correct Ans: Chemical Cellular Tissues Organs Organ Systems The Body Define Cell Theory (three general characteristics of all cells). - Correct Ans: 1. All living organisms are composed of one or more cells. 2. The cell is the most basic unit of life. 3. All cells arise from pre-existing, living cells Describe the plasma membrane. What is its function, what is its construction and how does that construction help with that function? - Correct Ans: also called the cell membrane, is the membrane found in all cells that separates the interior of the cell from the outside environment. In bacterial and plant cells, a cell wall is attached to the plasma membrane on its outside surface. provides protection for a cell. It also provides a fixed environment inside the cell, and that membrane has several different functions. One is to transport nutrients into the cell and also to transport toxic substances out of the cell. Nucleus (define, structure and function) - Correct Ans: The nucleus is the control center of the cell. The nucleus of living cells contains the genetic material that determines the entire structure and function of that cell. Inside the nucleus lies the blueprint that dictates everything a cell will do and all of the products it will make. Ribosome (define, structure, and function) - Correct Ans: a complex of RNA and protein and is, therefore, known as a ribonucleoprotein. It is composed of two subunits - smaller and larger. The smaller subunit, where the mRNA binds and is decoded, and in the larger subunit, the amino acids get added. Golgi body (define, structure, and function) - Correct Ans: a portion of the cell that's made up of membranes, and there's different types of membranes. Some of them are tubules, and some of them are vesicles. The Golgi is located right near the nucleus. It's called a perinuclear body, and it's actually right near the endoplasmic reticulum as well. Chromosome (define, structure, and function) - Correct Ans: A structure found inside the nucleus of a cell. A chromosome is made up of proteins and DNA organized into genes. Each cell normally contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Cytoskeleton (define, structure, and function) - Correct Ans: the network of protein filaments and microtubules in the cytoplasm that controls cell shape, maintains intracellular organization, and is involved in cell movement Mitochondrion (define, structure, and function) - Correct Ans: membrane-bound cell organelles (mitochondrion, singular) that generate most of the chemical energy needed to power the cell's biochemical reactions. Chemical energy produced by the mitochondria is stored in a small molecule called adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Endoplasmic Reticulum (define, structure, and function) - Correct Ans: a network of membranes inside a cell through which proteins and other molecules move. Proteins are assembled at organelles called ribosomes. Lysosome (define, structure, and function) - Correct Ans: a membrane-bound cell organelle that contains digestive enzymes. Lysosomes are involved with various cell processes. They break down excess or worn-out cell parts. They may be used to destroy invading viruses and bacteria. Distinguish sexual from asexual reproduction. - Correct Ans: Asexual reproduction generates offspring that are genetically identical to a single parent. In sexual reproduction, two parents contribute genetic information to produce unique offspring. Sexual and asexual reproduction have advantages and disadvantages—which is why some organisms do both! Identify the role of mitosis in asexual reproduction and growth. - Correct Ans: Explanation: The mitosis helps the multiplcation of the asexually reproducing organisms. By repeated mitosis division of cells, the somatic cells increase in number. The cells are differentiated into different kinds pf tissues for the body of organisms. Be familiar with the similarities between mitosis and meiosis. - Correct Ans: Mitosis and meiosis take place in the cell nuclei. Both involve cell division. Both the processes occur in the M-phase of the cell cycle. In both cycles, the stages are common - prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Synthesis of DNA occurs in both. Describe the basic differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. For example, broadly describe the similarities and differences between a bacteria and a cow. - Correct Ans: Prokaryotic - unicellular - lysosomes and peroxisomes absent - microtubules absent - endoplasmic reticulum absent Eukaryotic - multicellular - lysosomes and peroxisomes present - microtubules present - endoplasmic reticulum present microscope parts labeled - Correct Ans: directional terms and planes - Correct Ans: Four types of Tissues - Correct Ans: 1. Epithelial 2. Connective 3. Muscle 4. Nervous Epithelial Tissue - Correct Ans: They form the covering of all body surfaces, line body cavities and hollow organs, and are the major tissue in glands. They perform a variety of functions that include protection, secretion, absorption, excretion, filtration, diffusion, and sensory reception. Connective Tissue - Correct Ans: Tissue that supports, protects, and gives structure to other tissues and organs in the body. Connective tissue also stores fat, helps move nutrients and other substances between tissues and organs, and helps repair damaged tissue. Connective tissue is made up of cells, fibers, and a gel-like substance. Muscular Tissue - Correct Ans: composed of cells that have the special ability to shorten or contract in order to produce movement of the body parts. The tissue is highly cellular and is well supplied with blood vessels. Nervous Tissue - Correct Ans: found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. It is responsible for coordinating and controlling many body activities. It stimulates muscle contraction, creates an awareness of the environment, and plays a major role in emotions, memory, and reasoning. Cuboidal (where is it found) - Correct Ans: Simple cuboidal epithelium is a type of epithelium that consists of a single layer of cuboidal (cube-like) cells which have large, spherical and central nuclei.