NR325 Exam 1
Insulin - CORRECT ANSWERS Needed for glucose to get inside cell
Beta cells - CORRECT ANSWERS Produce insulin in response to elevated
glucose
Normal A1C - CORRECT ANSWERS <5.7%
Pre-diabetes A1C - CORRECT ANSWERS >5.7%
<6.5%
Diabetic A1C - CORRECT ANSWERS >6.5%
Random BS>180 - CORRECT ANSWERS Diabetic
Normal pancreas will not allow BS to go higher than 180
HgbA1C - CORRECT ANSWERS 3 month measure of where glucose is
Gives providers guideline of diabetic management
Life of red blood cell - CORRECT ANSWERS 3 months
Gerontologic considerations of DM
DM type 1 -- CORRECT ANSWERS Risk increases with age
Management is more difficult
-arthritis
-decreased dexterity
-poor eye sight
-understanding etc.
CORRECT ANSWERS Rapid onset
Usually dx by age 21
Peak incidence from 10-15 years
DM type 1 ssx - CORRECT ANSWERS Weight loss (altered metabolism)
Fatigue
Increased frequency of infections (due to increased BS)
Insulin dependent
Familial tendency
Primary clinical manifestations of DM type 1 - CORRECT ANSWERS Polyuria
(increased urination)
Polydipsia (increased thirst) (cells not getting glucose)
,Polyphagia (increased hunger)
Monitoring blood glucose - CORRECT ANSWERS Assess/evaluate effectiveness of
tx
Adjusting insulin dose
Monitor for hyper/hypoglycemia
Maintain BS in therapeuticrange
checked 3-4 times per day in type 1
BS therapeutic range - CORRECT ANSWERS 80-100 (ideal)
<126 for diabetic
HgbA1C <6.5%
-Reduces long term side effects of diabetes
Insulin pump - CORRECT ANSWERS Only for type 1 DM
-Needle is changed Q3 days (can shower with it)
-Delivers insulin based on BS to maintain continuously
-Contains rapid acting insulin
Prediabetes - CORRECT ANSWERS BS higher than normal but not high enough
to be diabetes
-Some people may have no symptoms
Reversing prediabetic process - CORRECT ANSWERS Eat healthy
Lose weight
Regular exercise
Check BS levels regularly
Risks for type 2 DM - CORRECT ANSWERS Family history of diabetes
>45 years old
Race/ethnicity (increased incidence in African American and hispanics)
History of GDM
Physical inactivity
High body fat or body weight
High blood pressure
High cholesterol
Metabolic syndrome - CORRECT ANSWERS Hypertension
Obesity
High cholesterol
Type 2 DM - CORRECT ANSWERS Slow onset
Polydipsia
Polyuria
FBS >126
, Recurrent infections
Oral hypoglycemic agents - CORRECT ANSWERS Metformin (biguanides)
Acarbose
Sulfonyureas
Metformin - CORRECT ANSWERS Decrease hepatic glucose output
-Dose not cause hypoglycemia
Main concern of sulfonyureas - CORRECT ANSWERS Hypoglycemia
Main concern of biguanides - CORRECT ANSWERS Lactic acidosis
Basal Bolus administration - CORRECT ANSWERS Long acting insulin and rapid
acting insulin with meals
Insulin administration (Type 1) - CORRECT ANSWERS Not producing any insulin
-4 to 5 injections a day
Rapid-acting insulin - CORRECT ANSWERS Lispro (humalog)
Onset: <15 minutes
Peak: 0.5-1hour
Duration: 3-4 hours
Short-acting insulin - CORRECT ANSWERS Regular insulin (humulin R)
Onset: 0.5-1 hour
Peak: 2-3 hours
Duration: 5-7 hours
Immediate-acting insulin - CORRECT ANSWERS NPH insulin (humulin N)
Onset: 1-2 hours
Peak: 4-12 hours
Duration: 18-24 hours
Long-acting insulin - CORRECT ANSWERS Insulin glargine (lantus)
Onset: 1 hour
Peak: none
Duration: 24 hours
Lipodystrophy - CORRECT ANSWERS Insulin reaction in skin (cyst like)
-If insulin injected into area, will not metabolize appropriately causing hyperglycemia
Insulin pen - CORRECT ANSWERS Prime with 2 units
Administering subcutaneous insulin - CORRECT ANSWERS Do not rotate sites,
where you administer effects when it peaks
Insulin - CORRECT ANSWERS Needed for glucose to get inside cell
Beta cells - CORRECT ANSWERS Produce insulin in response to elevated
glucose
Normal A1C - CORRECT ANSWERS <5.7%
Pre-diabetes A1C - CORRECT ANSWERS >5.7%
<6.5%
Diabetic A1C - CORRECT ANSWERS >6.5%
Random BS>180 - CORRECT ANSWERS Diabetic
Normal pancreas will not allow BS to go higher than 180
HgbA1C - CORRECT ANSWERS 3 month measure of where glucose is
Gives providers guideline of diabetic management
Life of red blood cell - CORRECT ANSWERS 3 months
Gerontologic considerations of DM
DM type 1 -- CORRECT ANSWERS Risk increases with age
Management is more difficult
-arthritis
-decreased dexterity
-poor eye sight
-understanding etc.
CORRECT ANSWERS Rapid onset
Usually dx by age 21
Peak incidence from 10-15 years
DM type 1 ssx - CORRECT ANSWERS Weight loss (altered metabolism)
Fatigue
Increased frequency of infections (due to increased BS)
Insulin dependent
Familial tendency
Primary clinical manifestations of DM type 1 - CORRECT ANSWERS Polyuria
(increased urination)
Polydipsia (increased thirst) (cells not getting glucose)
,Polyphagia (increased hunger)
Monitoring blood glucose - CORRECT ANSWERS Assess/evaluate effectiveness of
tx
Adjusting insulin dose
Monitor for hyper/hypoglycemia
Maintain BS in therapeuticrange
checked 3-4 times per day in type 1
BS therapeutic range - CORRECT ANSWERS 80-100 (ideal)
<126 for diabetic
HgbA1C <6.5%
-Reduces long term side effects of diabetes
Insulin pump - CORRECT ANSWERS Only for type 1 DM
-Needle is changed Q3 days (can shower with it)
-Delivers insulin based on BS to maintain continuously
-Contains rapid acting insulin
Prediabetes - CORRECT ANSWERS BS higher than normal but not high enough
to be diabetes
-Some people may have no symptoms
Reversing prediabetic process - CORRECT ANSWERS Eat healthy
Lose weight
Regular exercise
Check BS levels regularly
Risks for type 2 DM - CORRECT ANSWERS Family history of diabetes
>45 years old
Race/ethnicity (increased incidence in African American and hispanics)
History of GDM
Physical inactivity
High body fat or body weight
High blood pressure
High cholesterol
Metabolic syndrome - CORRECT ANSWERS Hypertension
Obesity
High cholesterol
Type 2 DM - CORRECT ANSWERS Slow onset
Polydipsia
Polyuria
FBS >126
, Recurrent infections
Oral hypoglycemic agents - CORRECT ANSWERS Metformin (biguanides)
Acarbose
Sulfonyureas
Metformin - CORRECT ANSWERS Decrease hepatic glucose output
-Dose not cause hypoglycemia
Main concern of sulfonyureas - CORRECT ANSWERS Hypoglycemia
Main concern of biguanides - CORRECT ANSWERS Lactic acidosis
Basal Bolus administration - CORRECT ANSWERS Long acting insulin and rapid
acting insulin with meals
Insulin administration (Type 1) - CORRECT ANSWERS Not producing any insulin
-4 to 5 injections a day
Rapid-acting insulin - CORRECT ANSWERS Lispro (humalog)
Onset: <15 minutes
Peak: 0.5-1hour
Duration: 3-4 hours
Short-acting insulin - CORRECT ANSWERS Regular insulin (humulin R)
Onset: 0.5-1 hour
Peak: 2-3 hours
Duration: 5-7 hours
Immediate-acting insulin - CORRECT ANSWERS NPH insulin (humulin N)
Onset: 1-2 hours
Peak: 4-12 hours
Duration: 18-24 hours
Long-acting insulin - CORRECT ANSWERS Insulin glargine (lantus)
Onset: 1 hour
Peak: none
Duration: 24 hours
Lipodystrophy - CORRECT ANSWERS Insulin reaction in skin (cyst like)
-If insulin injected into area, will not metabolize appropriately causing hyperglycemia
Insulin pen - CORRECT ANSWERS Prime with 2 units
Administering subcutaneous insulin - CORRECT ANSWERS Do not rotate sites,
where you administer effects when it peaks
