CHEM120 Week 8 Assignment: Group Project Presentation – Vitamins & Minerlas

CHEM120 Week 8 Assignment: Group Project Presentation – Vitamins & Minerlas How vitamins and minerals/trace elements affect health/human body SELINA GALLARDO CHEMISTRY 120 PROFESSOR FIRT H What are vitamins and minerals? ► Vitamins are living (organic) substances which are created from plants or animals. Now, minerals are lifeless (inorganic) elements that occur from the soil along with water furthermore are absorbed from plants or consumed by creatures. ► Efficacy is the ability of a supplement to provide a health benefit related to either prevention of deficiency or are duction in the risk of chronic disease (Hathcock, 1997). ► They may also improve shore up bones, heal wounds, and bolster your immune system. Trace elements and vitamins are required in milligram amounts per day to maintain normal health (Galloway, McMillan, Sattar, 2000). Why are they important? ► Our bodies requires a considerable portion of several minerals, essentially like calcium, to develop and remain in great physical condition. ► Its crucial for us to have minerals to make enzymes and hormones. The human body needs to develop and function normally, and this is done by the vitamins and minerals we consume. ► The role of dietary calcium in achieving higher bone mass and there by reducing the risk or delaying the onset of osteoporosis is now well recognized (13) and a health claim on this nutrient-disease relation has been authorized by the Food and Drug Administration (14) (Hathcock, 1997). Different types of vitamins ► I believe there are 13 essential vitamins that help the human body. Vitamins A, C, D, E, K, and all the B vitamins (thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, biotin, B6, B12, and folate). Vitamins possess similar places to support the human body functioning accurately. ► Vitamin A is a fat-soluble retinoid, its immune functions are vision, reproduction and cellular communication. I work in dermatology and we use Accutane for acne prone patients. Accutane is a medication with a high dose of Vitamin A which helps dry up the oil glands which produce oil and bacteria. ► We know Vitamin C helps to protect cells and keep them healthy, preserve healthy skin, blood vessels, bones and cartilage. ► Vitamin D is one that is known for most Chicagoans to be deficient in since we don’t get sun half of the year. It helps balance the quantity of calcium and phosphate in the body. Different types of vitamins ► Vitamin E may help stop coronary heart disease, support immune function, avert inflammation, promote eye health and lower the risk of cancer. The antioxidant activity of vitamin E has persuaded many groups to study its ability to prevent chronic diseases, especially those believed to have anoxidative stress component such as cardiovascular diseases, atherosclerosis, and cancer (Brigelius‐Flohé, & Traber, 1999). ► Several studies have demonstrated that a poor vitamin K status is associated with an increased risk of osteoporotic bone fractures (Vermeer, Jie, & Knapen, 1995). I also know that Vitamin K is good for coagulating, I used to suffer from nosebleeds daily as a child. My pediatrician made me take Vitamin K for a month and never again did, I suffer from a nosebleed. ► Animals and humans require vitamin B12 for only two enzymes, which are not restricted to them: (R)-methyl-malonyl-CoA mutase and methionine synthase (Fig. 3) (Martens, et al 2002). Chemical make/functional group ► Vitamin E functions as a chain-breaking antioxidant that prevents the propagation of free radical reactions (13, 14, 18 –21). Vitamin E is a term that encompasses a group of potent, lipid-soluble, chain-breaking antioxidants (Brigelius‐Flohé, & Traber, 1999). ► Vitamin K is a cofactor required for the formation of γ-carboxyglutamate (Gla) residues in proteins (Vermeer, Jie, & Knapen, 1995). ► Vitamin B12 is used to describe compounds of the cobalt corrinoid family, in particular those of the cobalamin group (Martens, et al 2002). ► Acorrding to The synthesis was accomplished in three main stages: (1) β-ionone was combined with ethyl monochloroacetate, and the product was decarboxylated by treatment with alkali to form a C14 aldehyde; (2) methylvinyl ketone was condensed with acetylene by the action of sodium in liquid ammonia; the hydroxyl group in the resulting product was made to migrate to the end of the molecule by treatment with sulfuric acid, and the unsaturated acid thus obtained was combined with two molecules of Grignard's reagent to give the dimagnesium bromide salt of l-oxy-3-methylpentenyne; (3) the two substances obtained in the preliminary parts of the synthesis were condensed, and the product was hydrolysed to give a C20 alcohol with hydroxyl groups at carbon atoms 1 and 6, and a triple linkage between carbon atoms 4 and 5 (Isles, et al 1947). Methods of use ► There are several ways to use vitamins which are either by food, sunlight, injections or taking them as a tablet supplement. Vitamins and minerals are carefully thought about being essential nutrients since they perform several roles in the human body. Vitamins are converted from food into energy and help fix cellular damage. ► If you are being prescribed vitamins, please follow your medical doctor’s instructions . Also, follow the instructions on the label if purchasing over the counter supplements. Abuse/ toxicity If prolonged overuse of certain vitamins it can stress the kidneys and liver. Picture retrieved from Wahlqvist, M. L. (1987). Use and abuse of vitamins. CURRENT THERAPEUTICS, 19. Side effects ► Some people notice that they get hungrier or eat more often when taking vitamins. ► It is known that water soluble vitamins are less likely to cause issues if taken in high doses since they are excreted through urine. ► Now, fat soluble vitamins can accumulate in the body causing toxicity since they can not dissolve in water as easy as water soluble vitamins. Effects on health Vitamins are essential organic compounds that catalyze metabolic reactions. They also function as electron donors, antioxidants or transcription effectors (Gossweiler, & Martinez-Mier, 2020). If we are low in vitamins or minerals our body can let us know. If we consume our vitamins and minerals it helps with vision, skin, immune system, not feel fatigue or have insomnia. Effects on the brain Smaller molecules such as amino acids are of limited value as enthesis as the concentration of various amino acids in the brain changes due to several factors about which little is known as yet (Haller, 2005). There are various vitamins and minerals that take part in maintaining the health of our brains and heart. The proper vitamins can help boost cognitive function, preserve the brain, keep away memory loss and so much more. B vitamins are often paired with brain health. References ► Brigelius‐Flohé, R., & Traber, M. G. (1999). Vitamin E: function and metabolism. The FASEB Journal, 13(10), . ► Galloway, S. P., McMillan, D. C., & Sattar, N. (2000). Effect of the inflammatory response on trace element and vitamin status. Annals of clinical biochemistry, 37(3), 289-297. ► Gossweiler, A. G., & Martinez-Mier, E. A. (2020). Vitamins and Oral Health. The Impact of Nutrition and Diet on Oral Health, 28, 59-67. ► Haller, J. (2005). 13 Vitamins and Brain Function. Nutritional neuroscience, 207. ► Hathcock, J. N. (1997). Vitamins and minerals: efficacy and safety. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 66(2), 427-437. References ► Isles, O., Huber, W., Ronco, A., & Kofler, M. (1947). Synthesis of vitamin A. Helvetica chimica acta, 30, . ► Martens, J. H., Barg, H., Warren, M. A., & Jahn, D. (2002). Microbial production of vitamin B 12. Applied microbiology and biotechnology, 58(3), 275-285. ► Vermeer, C., Jie, K. S., & Knapen, M. H. J. (1995). Role of vitamin K in bone metabolism. Annual review of nutrition, 15(1), 1-21. ► Wahlqvist, M. L. (1987). Use and abuse of vitamins. CURRENT THERAPEUTICS, 19