BIO 210 - FINAL EXAM REVIEW, Final exam bio 210 trident tech EXAM Questions and Answers Graded A 2024

Anatomy the study of structure Physiology the study of function Metabolism all the chemical reactions that happen in our body cells Catabolism the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones. Catabolic reaction Anabolism The building up of complex molecules from simpler ones Levels of Structural Organization Atom (chemical), Molecule (chemical), Cell tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organism Homeostasis The maintenance of the internal environment regardless of external conditions Negative feedback mechanism Most feedback mechanisms are this type - regulating body temperature, blood pressure, blood glucose Cranial Cavity Brain and spinal cord vertebral cavity spinal cord thoracic cavity heart and lungs abdominopelvic cavity stoach digestive organs parietal membrane lines cavity wall visceral membrane lines the organs surface ATP a form of energy used by all reactions in cells. Made in the mitochondria 4 elements that make up 96% of the human body Oxygen, hydrogen, carbon and nitrogen atomic number number of protons. Always the same as the number of electrons Atomic mass decimal number - number of protons and neutrons together - if you subtract the protons you get the number of neutrons ionic bonds the transfer of one or more electrons anion negative charge - gains one electron cation positive charge - loses one electron covalent bond shared electrons 2 types of covalent bonds Polar - unequal sharing of electrons Nonpolar - equal sharing of electrons PH Acid base concentration - homeostasis of acid base balance is regulated by chemicals called buffers buffers acccept hydrogen ions when PH is high and donates when the PH is low Carbohydrates - organic compound fructose, glycogen Protiens - organic compound amino acids and enzymes Lipids - organic compound triglycerides, cholesterol Nucleic acids - organic compound DNA, RNA DNA nitrogenous bases Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine (AGCT) RNA nitrogenous bases Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Uracil (AGSU) Plasma Membrane Phospholipid bilayer composed of hydrophilic (phosphate) heads and hydrophobic (lipid) tails Resting membrane potential maintained by sodium potassium pump (active transport) - takes 3 sodium out and 2 potassium in K+ Potassium 10 times higher inside the cell - major intracellular cation Na+ Sodium 10 times higher outside the cell - major extracellular cation passive transport - osmosis Movement of water. Water follows salt, thats what makes it move Hypotonic solution cells lyse/burst Isotonic solution