Group Processes Latest Update Graded A+

Group Processes Latest Update Graded A+ group a set of individuals who interact over time and have shared fate,goals, or identity instrumental role help group achieve its tasks expressive role provide emotional support and maintain morale group cohesiveness the extent to which forces push group member closer together, such as through feeling of intimacy, unity and commitment to group goals social facilitation a process whereby the presence of others enhances performance on easy tasks but impairs performance on difficult tasks mere presence mere presence of others is sufficient to produce social facilitaton effects evaluation apprehension theory a theory that the presence of others will produce social facilitation effects only when those others are seen as potential evaluators distraction-conflict theory a theory that the presence of others will produce social facilitation effects only when those others distract the task and create attentional conflict, torn between focusing the task and inspecting the distracting stimulus deindividuation the loss of a person's sense of individuality and the reduction of normal constraints against deviant behavior social identity model of deindividuation effects deindividuation effects as the result of a shit from personal identity to social identity process loss the reduction in group performance due to obstacles created by group processes, such as problem of coordination and motivation process gain the increase in group performance so that the group outperforms the individuals who comprise the group brainstorming a technique that attempts to increase the production of creative ideas by encouraging group members to speak freely without criticizing their own or other's contribution group polarization the exaggeration of initial tendencies in the thinking of group members through group discussion groupthink a group decision-making style characterized by an excessive tendency among group members to seek concurrence escalation effect condition in which commitments to a failing course of action are increased to justify investments already made biased sampling tendency for groups to spend more time discussing shared information(information already known by all or most of group members) than unshared information (information known by only one or a few group members" transactive memory a shared system for remembering information that enables multiple people to remember information together more efficiently than they could do alone group support systems specialized interactive computer programs that are used to guide group meeting social dilemma a situation in which a self-interested choice by everyone will create the worst outcome for everyone prisoner's dilemma one party must make either cooperative or competitive moves in relation to another party. competitive move appears to be in one's self interest but if both sides make this move, they both suffer more than if they had both cooperated resource dilemmas social dilemmas involving how two or more people will share a limited resource graduated and reciprocated initiatives in tension-reduction a strategy for unilateral persistent efforts to establish trust and cooperation between opposing parties integrative agreement a negotiated resolution to a conflict in which all parties obtain outcomes that are superior to what they would