Pharmacology VTNE Exam|Complete Questions with Verified Solutions

Pharmacology VTNE Exam|Complete Questions with Verified Solutions What adverse side effect can occur in cats given metoclopramide? Cyanosis Dilated and fixed pupils Aggressive behavior Estrus behavior Aggressive behavior Explanation - Rare side effects that can occur are nervous, jittery, or aggressive behaviors. The antidote for these types of behaviors is diphenhydramine (Benadryl). Head bobbing can also rarely occur as a side effect of Reglan (metoclopramide). A 20-kg patient is being sent home on famotidine to help with potential esophagitis. How many 10 mg tablets should be sent home with the owner, if the patient requires 0.5 mg/kg PO BID x 7 days? 14 40 21 7 14 Explanation - To correctly answer the question, the following math should have been performed: 20 kg x (0.5 mg/kg) = 10 mg (This is the amount the patient needs per dose, which is equivalent to 1 tablet.) 1 x 2= 2 (This is the number of pills needed per day, since the dosing is BID.) 2 x 7= 14 (This is the number of pills needed for the 7 day treatment course.) Which drug is known as an ACE-inhibitor? Metoclopramide Enalapril Diphenhydramine Acepromazine Enalapril Explanation - Ace-inhibitors like enalapril are vasodilators which block angiotensin-converting enzyme to prevent angiotensin II (a vacosconstrictor) and aldosterone (causes sodium retention) from forming. Ace-inhibitors help to relax smooth muscle in the arterioles and veins. They are most commonly used in cases of heart and kidney disease. -Note that ace-inhibitor drugs usually end in a "pril" (benazapril, captopril, enalapril, etc.) Valium is often given with ketamine to provide which effect? Increased heart rate Muscle relaxation Increased cardiac contractility Increased muscle tone Muscle relaxation Explanation - Ketamine can cause muscle rigidity. Valium (diazepam) is often given with ketamine to provide muscle relaxation. A 5-year old female spayed Yorkie presents with a history of decreased vision. The doctor asks you to perform tonometry on this dog. Which of the following may be used as a topical anesthetic to the eyes so that you may check the intraocular pressures with your Tonopen? Benzocaine Proparacaine Lidocaine Bupivacaine Proparacaine Explanation - Proparacaine is a topical anesthetic for the eyes. The other choices should not be used in the eyes. The other options are local anesthetic agents but are likely to cause irritation and/or corneal ulceration. Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (dry eye) can result from the use of which medication? Trimethoprim-sulfa (TMS) Enalapril Cyclosporine Prednisone Enrofloxacin Trimethoprim-sulfa (TMS) Explanation - The sulfa drugs can cause dry eye in some patients and therefore overuse should be avoided. If a patient is started on a sulfa drug, tear production should be monitored. Why should atropine, a competitive antagonist of acetylcholine receptors, be used cautiously in horses (i.e. what is a major side effect of the drug)? Excessive use can result in bradycardia Excessive use can result in diarrhea Excessive use can result in intense constriction of the pupil Excessive use can result in intestinal stasis (colic) Excessive use can result in intestinal stasis (colic) Explanation - Atropine is commonly used topically to dilate the pupil in horses with uveitis; with excessive administration, atropine can cause intestinal motility to decrease, possibly resulting in abdominal pain (colic) in the horse. Atropine is also used to increase the heart rate during general anesthesia. Which of these drugs should not be used in Greyhounds? Thiopental Morphine Propofol Ivermectin Thiopental Explanation - The correct answer is thiopental. Thiopental is an ultra-short acting barbiturate. Recovery depends on redistribution to tissues, including fat. Because sighthounds have very little fat, they have prolonged recoveries and greater complications with these drugs. How many milligrams are in 100 ml of a 3% solution? 3 mg 30 mg 0.3 mg 3,000 mg 3,000 mg Explanation - A 3% solution is equal to 30 mg/mL. Now take 100 mL X 30 mg/mL = 3000 mg= 3 grams (since there are 1000 mg in 1 gram) You are working at the specialty center and are observing an echocardiogram for the first time. The cardiologist prescribes the drug propanolol to a canine patient. What effect will this medication have on the heart? Stops ventricular premature contractions Increases the heart rate Slows the heart rate Increases contractility Slows the heart rate Explanation - Propanolol is a Beta-1 and Beta-2 blocker. It blocks the sympathetic nervous system (sympatholytic) which allows for the parasympathetic effects on the heart to dominate. The parasympathetic nervous system slows the heart. Remember- parasympathetic- rest and digest (slower heart rate), and sympathetic- fight or flight (increased heart rate). How many milliliters should be administered to a 100-kg patient that needs 50 mg of a 2.5% solution? 25 ml 2.5 ml 2 ml 125 ml 2 ml Explanation - Percent is equal to weight (in Grams) / 100 parts volume (in mLs) (This is based on water since 1 mL weighs 1 Gram): Example: A 3% solution: 3 Grams / 100 mL or 3000 mg / 100 mL or 30 mg/mL The easiest way to remember is to just add a zero onto any percentage for the milligrams (i.e. 2% solution = 20 mg/ml; 10% solution = 100 mg/ml, etc.) In this situation a 2.5% solution is equivalent to 25 mg/ml. Therefore: 50 mg / (25 mg/ml) = 2 ml A 2-year old domestic short hair cat presents for ingestion of tiger lillies. The ingestion occurred about 2 hours ago and no clinical signs have been noted yet. What does the ingestion of this plant cause in cats? Renal failure Seizures Muscle paralysis Hypoglycemia Renal failure Explanation - The flowers are Tiger Lilies. Lilies of all different varieties as well as their leaves cause acute renal failure in cats when ingested. Treatment is similar to any other cause for renal failure and includes high rates of IV fluids, supportive medications, and occasionally diuretics such as furosemide or mannitol if the patient is anuric or oliguric. A cat is given dexmedetomidine, and the cat's heart rate has dropped significantly. The veterinarian asks you to give the reversal, which is the following is the appropriate reversal agent? Acepromazine Atropine Naloxone Atipamezole Atipamezole Explanation - The reversal of medetomidine or dexmedetomidine (Domitor or Dexdomitor) is atipamezole (Antisedan). Yohimbine may also have some reversal effects but is not as commonly used to reverse medetomidine. Yohimbine is more often is used to reverse xylazine. Naloxone reverses morphine and other opioids. Atropine is an anticholinergic given to increase heart rate. Even though atropine will counteract medetomidine-induced bradycardia, its use results in severe hypertension and is not given with medetomidine. Acepromazine is a tranquilizer and is not a reversal agent. How many milliliters of dextrose should be added to a 60 ml syringe of 0.9% NaCl to make a 2.5% dextrose solution? The patient weighs 20 kg, and the dextrose in the hospital comes in a 50% concentration. 3 ml 0.6 ml 1.5 ml 120 ml 6 ml 3 ml Explanation - To answer this question, use the following equation: C(1)V(1) = C(2)V(2) C is the concentration V is the volume C(1) =0.025 V(1) = 60 ml C(2) = 0.50 V(2) = x 0.025(60)= 0.50x x = 3 ml Note that the body weight is completely unnecessary to calculate the answer to this problem. 200 ml of 25% dextrose should be added to one liter in order to make a 5% solution. Which injectable medication comes in an emulsion containing egg lecithin and soybean oil? Ketamine Propofol Thiopental Metoclopramide Propofol Explanation - Propofol is an injectable anesthetic drug. It comes in an emulsion containing egg lecithin and soybean oil. It is produced in this manner because this drug is poorly dissolved in water. What is the main effect of Dopram (doxopram hydrochloride)?