NAPSR/CNPR Exam|Complete Questions with 100% Correct Answers

NAPSR/CNPR Exam|Complete Questions with 100% Correct Answers approvable letter letters sent by the FDA to the applicant indicating whether the new drug application meets necessary requirements. asymptomatic without sings or symptoms of disease. blinded or masked study a study in which participants do not know whether they are in the experimental or control group in a research study. control or control group the standard by which experimental observations are evaluated. double-blind or double masked study one in which neither the participants nor the study staff know which participants are receiving the experimental treatment and which ones are getting either a standard treatment or a placebo. edema swelling. fast-track drugs fast-track approval is provided for drugs that meet medical needs for patients with serious or life-threatening conditions. indication in terms of drugs approval, the exact cause or purpose for which the FDA has approved that a drug can be prescribed institutional review board (IRB) committee of physicians, statisticians, community advocated, and others which ensure that a clinical trial is ethical and that the rights of the study participants are protected. All clinical trials must be approved by an IRB before they begin. off label usage of a medication for purposes other than the specific ones appearing in the labeling. placebo inactive pill, liquid, or powder that has no treatment value. placebo effect the effect produced by a placebo due to the expectations of the patient. study protocol the general design and operating features of a trial. it is distinguished from the study manual of operations by its generality and absence of specific details needed for day-to-day execution of the trial. toxicity the extent, quality, or degree to which a substance is a poisonous or harmful to the body. treatment group a group of patients assigned to receive a specified treatment. anatomy study of the basic structures of the body. physiology study of how those body structures function. clinical pharmacology study of the effects and movement of drugs in the human body. how many prescriptions are dispensed in the united states each year? 3 billion. pharmacodynamics study of the biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and their mechanisms of action. pharmacokinetics study of how a drug is processed by the body, with emphasis on the time required for absorption, duration of action, distribution, and method of excretion. the study of how the body affects drugs. drug distribution and elimination drug delivery systems, route of administration, modes of excretion. drug a substance other than food that changes the structure or function of the body or mind. what are the three names of drugs? chemical name, generic name, and one or more trade names. chemical name describes the atomic or molecular structure of the drug. generic name legal noncommercial name for a drug. trade name chosen by the pharmaceutical company that manufactures or distributes the drug. pharmakon medicine logos study pharmacology study of medicine aminoglycosides class of antibiotics that are useful in the treatment of many infectious diseases. ADME testing measures the rate at which the body absorbs the drug, distributes it to the organs necessary to produce the desired effect, metabolizes it into waste material and then excretes it from the body. absorption how the drug passes from its site of administration into the bloodstream. distribution how the drug is dispersed among the organs of the body after it is absorbed into the bloodstream, and how much reaches the target organs. metabolism how the active part of the drug is metabolized into a more water-soluble compound that can be readily excreted by the kidneys. excretion how the drug is eliminated from the body. placebos substances that appear to be drugs but are not. margin of safety the difference between the usual effective dose and the dose that induces severe or life threatening side effects. what are the five rights of drug administration? right patient, right medication, right dose, right route of administration, and right time of delivery. inhalation drugs taken through the lungs by inhaling in aerosol form. injection routes administration by injection (parenteral administration) includes the subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, and intrathecal routes. intramuscular injection drugs given by injection into muscle tissue such as: buttocks, upper arm, or thighs. intrathecal injection needle is inserted between two vertebrae in the lower spine and into the space around the spinal cord. intravenous or IV refers to drugs injected directly into the veins. subcutaneous injection needle is inserted into fatty tissue just beneath the skin. oral administration (PO) refers to tablets, capsules, and liquids taken by the mouth. rectal route drugs that are administered orally can also be administered rectally as a suppository. vaginal route drugs may be administered vaginally to women as a solution, tablet, cream, gel, or suppository. sublingual route drugs taken under the tongue and absorbed directly and almost immediately into the blood stream through the mucous membranes of the mouth. ocular route drugs used to treat eye disorders. nasal route drug is to be breathed in and absorbed through the thin mucous membrane that lines the nasal passages, must be transformed into tiny droplets in air (atomized). topical or cutaneous drugs administered through the skin for local effects on that area of the skin. transdermal route drugs taken through the skin into systematic circulation, such as through a patch. first stage involves prescribing or ordering medication. second stage when the medication is dispensed to patients or consumers. third stage when the medication is administered and monitored for side effects. drug absorption movement of the drug into the bloodstream after administration. bioavailability how quickly and how much of a drug reaches its intended target site of action. drug distribution the movement of a drug to and from the blood and various tissues of the body. drug metabolism chemical alteration of a drug by the body. drug elimnation removal of drugs from the body. last stage of pharmokinetics. preparations for oral use oral drug may appear in solid form (tablets, capsules, or powders) OR liquid form (solutions, elixirs, or suspensions). powders a drug that is dried and ground into fine particles. pills a single-dose unit of medicine made by mixing the powdered drug with a liquid such as syrup and rolling into a round or oval shape. granules a small pill, usually accompanied by many others encased within a gelatin capsule. tablets made by compressing the powdered form of a drug and bulk-filling material under high pressure. capsules medication dosage form in which the drug is contained in a external shell. sustained release drug forms contain several doses of a drug. drug delivery formulations designed to delay the absorption process so that a drug can be given in fewer doses. enteric coating special coating that keeps tablets and capsules from dissolving in the stomach. caplets shaped like a capsule but has the form of a tablet. the shape and film coated covering make swallowing easier. gel caps an oil-based medication that is enclosed in a soft gelatin capsule. liquid drugs drugs that have been dissolved or suspended: syrups, solutions, elixirs, tinctures, emulsions, gels/jellies, lotions, aerosols, magmas. syrups aqueous solutions containing a high concentration of sugars, syrups, and linctuses may or may not have medical substances added (simple syrups and ipecac syrup). solutions drug dissolved in an appropriate solvent. elixirs drug vehicle that consists of water, alcohol, and sugar. fluid extracts a concentrate solution of a drug removed from a plant source by mixing ground parts of the plant with a suitable solvent and then separating the plant residue from the solvent. mixtures and suspensions an agent is mixed with a liquid but not dissolved. tinctures alcoholic preparations of a soluble drug, usually from a plant source. solution may also contain water. spirits and essences alcohol-containing liquids that may be used pharmaceutically as solvents. magmas contain particles suspended in a liquid, and exhibit a more pasty quality in their consistency than other suspensions. troches or lozenges hard or semisolid dosage from containing a medication intended for local application in the mouth or throat. aerosols are frequently delivered by oral inhalers or nebulizers that allow for rapid absorption into the blood circulation. injectable drugs available as powders or solutions. topical drugs applied to the skin. liniments liquid suspensions for external application to the skin to relieve pain and swelling. semisolid drugs often used for topical application. soft and pliable. gels or jellies semisolid substances in non fatty bases that may be used for topical application. emulsion two agents that cannot ordinarily be combined or mixed. creams usually white and contains a drug incorporated into both an aqueous and an oily-base. lotion drug in a water base for external use. ointments aqueous or oily base for local protective and soothing application for systemic effects. cells basic structural and functional units of the body and all living organisms. cell membrane