MMBIO 221 Exam 1 BYU Study Guide Questions with Complete Solutions 2024 Graded A

Fungi - cell wall made of chitin; Eukaryote Algae - cell wall made of silicates, eukaryotic Protozoa - Eukaryote Bacteria - Prokaryotic Virus - Acellular; only reproduce if they are inside of a living cell What allows a substance to cross a membrane - Protiens Substances that will never pass through a membrane - Charged substances Passive movement processes - No ATP needed 1. Diffusion 2. Facilitaed Diffusion 3. Osmosis Active Transport processes - Uniport Aniport Symport Group translocation Glycocalyx - Sticky substance on outside of cell, composed of polysaccharides, Capsule - A sticky layer that prevents cell from drying out, prevents bacteria from being recognized Flagella Direction - Counter clock = forward clockwise = backwards Peritrichous vs monotrichus - One hair vs thousands of hairs Fimbriae - Helps in movement, not as long as flagella, used to adhere to other bacteria Pili - short, hairlike protein structures on the surface of some bacteria Bacteria with no cell walls - Mycoplasma What are most bacteria cell walls composed of? - Peptidoglycan = NAG-NAM chains, ONLY FOR PROKARYOTES Gram-Positive cell wall - Thick peptidoglycan Teichoic acids Gram-Negative cell walls - Thin peptidoglycan Outer membrane Lipopolysaccharide = endotoxin Acid-fast cell walls - Mycolic Acids Hydrophobic Resolution - Closest you can get 2 objects together and still be able to see them as separate Phase-contrast microscope - Fine Detail inside the cell 3D Differential Interface - Used to see the surface of the moelcule Confocal Microscope - Computer constructs 3-D image and uses fluorescent dyes Transmission Electron microsccope vs Scanning Electron Microscope - TEM - Used to see inside SEM - Used to see surface Acid Fast Staining - Pink Acid Fast vs Blue non acid fast Endospore Stain - Green Endospore vs Red vegetative cells Differential Stains - Acid fast, Endospore, gram Special Stains - Negative, flagellar Enzyme Facts - Many composed entirely of protein Some are RNA molecules called ribozymes Others composed of protein portions (apoenzymes) that are inactive if not bound to non-protein cofactors (inorganic ions or organic molecules called coenzymes) Binding of apoenzyme to its cofactor yields the active holoenzyme Hydrolases - Uses water to break apart polymers Isomerases - Rearrange atoms in a molecule