PSY 352-EXAM 1 Questions & Answers Solved 100% Correct!!

What is personality? - Answer-a. An individuals characteristic pattern of thinking, acting and feeling How would you describe the traits vs. situationism debate? - Answer--Situationism: view of personality that view behavior as a function of the situation, not internal traits. "multiple selves" -Traits: intuitive appeal of perspective psychoanalytic - Answer-unconscious forces trait - Answer-stable, defining characteristics biological - Answer-inherited predispositions, physiological processes humanistic - Answer-self actualization, growth behavioral - Answer-conditions, learned expectations cognitive - Answer-information processing What is self-report data, and what are its strengths and weaknesses? - Answer-Ask someone about themselves ( 20 statement test) Strengths: access to info others don't have (anxiety, self-esteem, goals) Weaknesses: do people have accurate self knowledge and will they be honest How does social desirability influence the validity of self-report data? - Answer-It is the tendency to answer in attractive/likable ways (lying, distorted, self-perception). You can control this by using a forced questionnaire. Ex: Crownes marlow scale. Do you like soft or crunchy food?What is observer-report data, and what are its strengths and weaknesses? - Answer-Ask someone else about that person Strengths: access to info not available to person, multiple perspective Weaknesses: biased by own personality experiences with a person What is test data, and what are its strengths and weaknesses? - Answer-Puts people in identical situation Strengths: controlled situation, allows hypothesis testing Weaknesses: possibility of participants, researcher bias What is life-outcome data, and what are its strengths and weaknesses? - Answer-Examines life events (marriage, divorce, jobs) Use S & O data to predict L data What does it mean to say that a psychological measure is reliable, valid, and generalizable? - AnswerReliability: consistent results Valid: measures what it claims to measure Generalization: applies to whole population What is descriptive research, and what are its strengths and weaknesses? - Answer-In-depth examination of an individuals personality Strengths: lots of detail, good source for ideas to test in larger groups Weaknesses: low generalization What is a correlation? - Answer-Is the measure of how closely related 2 variables are (how much they predict one another) Strengths: demonstrates covariation, easy to do, low cost, when a variable cannot be manipulated Weaknesses: correlation does not imply causation 3rd variable problem Correlation coefficient - Answer-Statistic between -1 and +1 that indicates direction and size of correlationWhat is the difference between positive, negative, and zero correlations? - Answer--Positive: increase in 1 variable predicts increase in other (height & weight, health & income level, studying & GPA) -Negative: increase in 1 variable predicts decrease in other (self-esteem and depression) -Zero: no predictive relationship Experiment - Answer-Research that includes IV and DV Independent variable and dependent variable - Answer-IV: something we manipulate to create groups (condition). Experimental vs control DV: variable measured by researcher to compare conditions What is a trait? - Answer-Characteristic pattern of behavior or dispositions to feel and act a certain way. Internal causal properties Describe the act frequency approach to defining traits. - Answer-Act frequency approach a.Traits=categories of acts b.More acts performed=stronger trait c.Prototypicality matters d.Some members = "better" members of concept than others e.Prototype: most typical example of a category i.Closer to prototype=faster to identify, more confident in labeling object as part of concept f.Act nomination (what kinds of rude people do and choose)--> prototypicality judgment (how much of those actions qualify it as rude) -->act recording (observe and determine if person is rude Describe the lexical and statistical approaches to creating a trait taxonomy. - Answer-Lexical hypothesis: all important individual differences have been encoded in language over time -Meaningful difference noticed words invented to discuss differences -"Natural selection for words" Trait Taxonomy - Answer-list of most "important traits"Big 5 - Answer-1. Conscientiousness: how we control, direct, organize, regulate our lives 2. Agreeableness: concern with cooperation and social harmony 3. Neuroticism: experience strong negative emotions 4. Openness: broad trait. Imaginative/creative people 5. Extraversion: Engagement with the outside social world Eysenck's Hierarchical Model - Answer-Determine traits by biological and heritability/physiological traits. These traits are extraversion, neuroticism, psychoticism (PEN). Psychoticism: aggressive, egocentric, impulsive, lacking empathy, cruel Cattell's Taxonomy - Answer-1. Used factor analysis to make more traits. Wasn't very good Circumplex Taxonomy - Answer-1. "Circular personality model along 2 dimensions." Traits are dominant, hostile, submissive and friendly with many subcategories in between