NFDN 2003 Final Exam Practice Questions and Answers

NFDN 2003 Final Exam Practice Questions and Answers Fluid & Electrolyte Needs - Correct Answer ️️ -- Homeostasis - Affected by digestion, absorption, metabolism of nutrients and excretion of waste Functions of Body Fluids - Correct Answer ️️ -- Need 1.5 L - 2.5L per day - 60-70% body weight is fluid [70% intracellular, 30% extracellular] - Transport nutrients and wastes to and from cells - Maintain body temp., acid-base balance, aids in digestion and elimination Assessment of Fluid Balance - Correct Answer ️️ -- Health history [age, acute illness, environmental factors, diet, medications] - Physical exam [head to toe, weight [1kg gain = 1L fluid gain], intake/output, assess edema, diagnostic tests] Problems of Fluid Imbalances - Correct Answer ️️ -- Electrolyte imbalance - Acid-Base imbalance - Deficient fluid volume - Excess fluid volume [edema] Common Fluid Imbalances - Correct Answer ️️ -- Dehydration {hypovolemia}: burn victims [3rd degree] are most at risk Hypovolemia - Correct Answer ️️ -- Acute weight loss - Rapid & weak pulse - Hypotension [bp] - Dry, sticky mucous membrane - U/O <30ml/h and constipation - Thirst and weakness - Increase Hgb, Hct, urine osmol Hypervolemia - Correct Answer ️️ -- Acute weight gain - Bounding full pulse - Hypertension [bp] - Moist mucous membrane - U/O increased, specific gravity <1 - Cough/Dyspnea - Decreased Hgb, Hct, urine osmol Electrolytes - Correct Answer ️️ -- Sodium [135-145 mEq/L] - Potassium [3.5-5 mEq/L] - Calcium [4.5-5.5 mEq/L] - Magnesium [1.5-2.5 mEq/L] - Chloride [98-106 mEq/L] - Phosphorus [1.2-3 mEq/L] Hyponatremia - Correct Answer ️️ -- Na maintains extracellular osmolality, controls body fluids, influences acid-base balance - Cause: Excess sweating and increased water intake, GI suction, excess IV, use of diuretics Hypernatremia - Correct Answer ️️ -- Causes: Decreased water intake, excess saline/salt, profuse diarrhea, diabetes insipidus, heatstroke, hyperventilation Fluid Diagnostic Tests - Correct Answer ️️ -- Plasma sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, magnesium - Hematocrit - BUN - Osmolality - Urine specific gravity - ECG - ABG Acid-Base Imbalances - Correct Answer ️️ -- ABG - Based on the carbonic-acid buffer system - Measures 6 components - pH, PaCO2, PaO2, oxygen saturation, base excess, bicarbonate - Deviation from a normal level is indicated by acid-base imbalance Acid-Base Balance - Correct Answer ️️ -- Normal pH 7.35 - 7.45 - < 7.30-7.35 acidotic state - > 7.45 alkalotic state PaCO2 - Correct Answer ️️ -- Partial pressure of carbon dioxide in ARTERIAL blood - Normal range 35-45mmHg - Less than 35mmHg = hyperventilation - Greater then 45mmHg = hypoventilation [rate and depth of reps. decreases, less carbon dioxide is exhaled, more is retained increasing the concentration PaO2 - Correct Answer ️️ -- Partial pressure of oxygen in ARTERIAL blood - Normal range 80-100mmHg - No real role in acid base imbalance - Less than 60mmHg can lead to anaerobic metabolism, leading to lactic acid production and metabolic acidosis - Reduction in vital capacity can lead to reduction Oxygen Saturation - Correct Answer ️️ -- Normal ran