Portage Learning Pharmacology Module 7 2024 Questions Rated 100%

organs of upper GI tract - ANS Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, duodenum gastric juices released from stomach - ANS HCl and Pepsin HCl - ANS hydrochloric acid; released by parietal cells in the stomach in response to food to aid in breakdown due to acidity Pepsin - ANS Enzyme that breaks down proteins into polypeptides in the stomach 3 stimulators that affect release of gastric juice - ANS ACh, gastrin, histamine ACh (acetylcholine) - GI stimulant - ANS Food stimulates ACh to bind to target receptors, stimulating release of pepsin, gastrin, histamine, and HCl from chief cells, G cells, enterochromaffin like (ECL) cells, and parietal cells respectively gastrin - GI stimulant - ANS Binds to target receptors on ECL and parietal cells stimulating release of more histamine and more HCl histamine - GI stimulant - ANS Binds to H2 receptors on parietal cells which increases the amount of HCl or gastric acid released peptic ulcers - ANS open sores in the mucous membrane of the mucosal lining of the stomach or duodenum; majority caused by H. pylori and then long-term use of NSAIDs -symptoms: pain, nausea, loss of appetite -If ulcer is in duodenum, food relieves the pain; if it's in stomach, food worsens the pain GERD - ANS gastroesophageal reflux disease; mild-moderate = H2 agonists, severe = PPIs -lifestyle modifications recommended: Smoking cessation, avoid caffeine and alcohol, reduce stress, avoid NSAIDs, weight loss if PT is overweight H2 receptor agonists - ANS a. MOA: competitively inhibiting interaction of histamine with H2 receptors in the GI-Significantly reduces secretion of acid and pepsin from the stomach b. Uses: short term use (up to 8 weeks) of benign peptic ulcers, GERD, stress ulcers and gastric irritation in patients that need to remain on NSAIDs c. Adverse: headache or constipation. *Cimetidine* is associated with reversible CNS effects (confusion and disorientation in critically ill patients d. Drug interactions: *cimetidine* can increase drug levels of Calcium channel blockers, beta blockers, sulfonylureas, theophylline; *Famotidine* and *nizatidine* have no effect. can be taken at meal times e. Examples: *Cimetidine*, *ranitidine*, *famotidine*, *nizatidine* PPIs - ANS more effective in acid reductions and ulcer healing a. MOA: inhibit the exchange of hydrogen and potassium via the ATPase pump ther