LSUS HCAD750 Module 5 Practice Test with Complete Solution

LSUS HCAD750 Module 5 Practice Test with Complete Solution research frame (paradigm) - the theory supporting the study, the model illustrating the factors and relationships of the study, the assumptions of the field and the researcher, the methods, and analytical tools theory - the systematic organization of knowledge that predicts or explains behavior or events; both the result and the foundation of research (chicken and egg) model - a representation of a theory in visual format research methodolgy - the study and analysis of research methods and theories basic research and applied research - two types of research which are the ends of a continuum basic research - focuses on the development of theories and their refinement; often occurs in laboratories - "bench science"; answers Why? applied research - focuses on the implementation of theories into practice; answers What? and How?; may occur in a healthcare setting - "bedside" translational research - spans the continuum from "bench-to-bedside"; translates new knowledge, mechanisms and techniques generated by advances in basic science research into new approaches for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of disease Translational Bioinformatics - ability to translate voluminous biomedical data into proactive, predictive, preventive, and participatory health quantitative and qualitative - overarching approaches to research quantitative approach (positivism) - explanation of phenomena through scientific inquiry and empiricism scientific inquiry - making predictions, collecting, and analyzing evidence, testing alternative theories, and choosing the best theory empiricism - based on observed and validated evidence; based on experiments; objective knowledge is the end result qualitative research (naturalism) - interpret non-numerical observations like words, gestures, activities, time, space, images, and perceptions mixed methods research - Combines qualitative and quantitative research techniques Inductive reasoning (induction) - drawing conclusions based on a limited number of observations Deductive reasoning (deduction) - drawing conclusions based on generalizations basic components of research - defining the question (problem), performing the literature review determining a research design and methodology selecting an instrument gathering data analyzing the data presenting the results Three sources of meaningful problems - 1. Research models - problematic factors 2. Recommendations of earlier researchers 3. Gaps in the body of knowledge operationalize a research question - formulating the question in terms that are capable of generating data and that satisfactorily capture the issues of the question or problem literature review - a systematic and critical investigation of the important information about a topic; 1. process 2. product - portion of a study's presentation 3. product - entire research article or book primary sources of literature review - the original works of the researchers who conducted the investigation; NEJM New England Journal of Medicine secondary sources of literature review - summaries of the original works; encyclopedias and textbooks peer-reviewed (refereed) journals - the gold standard for a literature review is primary research in ____; also called research, academic, and professional Peer review - the process that ensures that the information reported in the journal is of the highest quality non-peer reviewed - called popular well-developed literature review - concisely and logically states what is known and unknown about a topic systematic literature review - "Methodical approach to literature review that reduces the possibility of bias; characterized by explicit search criteria to identify literature, inclusion and exclusion criteria to select articles and information sources, and evaluation against consistent methodological standards" meta-analysis - a "study of studies" that combines the findings of multiple studies to arrive at a conclusion Six common research designs - 1. Historical 2. Descriptive 3. Correlational 4. Evaluation 5. Experimental 6. Causal-Comparative (Quasi-Experimental) historical research - investigates the past; primary (reports, minutes, letters) and secondary sources descriptive research - determines and reports the current status of topics and subjects through surveys, interviews and observations; has shortcomings - lack of standard questions, etc. correlational research - determines the existence, the direction, and the degree of relationships among factors; cannot establish causation variables - factors in correlational research correlational relationships - positive (direct) relationship or negative (inverse) relationship confounding (extraneous, secondary) variable - a third unlisted factor that confuses interpretation of the data evaluation research - examines the effectiveness and efficiency of programs, organizations, interventions, policies, technologies, or products; AKA outcomes research, health services research, health technology assessment, and comparative effectiveness research (CER); to assess value; case studies outcomes research - studies aimed at assessing the quality and effectiveness of healthcare as measured by the attainment of a specified end result or outcome, improved health, lowered morbidity or mortality health services research - research that integrates "epidemiologic, sociological, economic, and other analytic sciences in the study of health services"; concerned with the relationships between need, demand, supply, use, and outcome of health services health technology assessment - evaluation of the usefulness (utility) of health technologies comparative effectiveness research (CER) - Research that generates and synthesizes evidence that compares the benefits and harms of alternative methods to prevent, diagnose, treat, and monitor a clinical condition, or to improve the delivery of care