Chapter 49
1) What is a circulatory system and what is its function?
a) The circulatory system circulates blood and lymph throughout the body. The
circulatory system consists of the heart, blood vessels, blood/lymph. The purpose
is to transport oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, immune cells, hormones, and
heat.
2) Do all animals have a circulatory system? Why or why not?
a) Not all organisms have a circulatory system. Single celled organisms, protista,
utilize gradients for direct exchanges with the environment. Multicellular
organisms are small and thin so that most cells are in close contact with water.
They also utilize gradients.
3) What is the difference between an open and closed circulatory system?
a) Open circulatory systems uses the heart to move hemolymph where a closed
circulatory system uses the heart to move blood. In OCS, gas transport is not
always needed because small organisms can diffuse gasses. In a CCS, some
things can diffuse out of blood, but most stays in vessel system. Blood is kept
separate from the interstitial fluid and the blood is pumped by 1 more more
hearts.
4) What is the function of a heart and is one required in open circulatory systems? Why?
a) The heart functions to pump the fluid through the body.
5) What is hemolymph?
a) Hemolymph is a fluid equivalent to blood in most invertebrates.
6) How do nutrients and water get out of a closed circulatory system into tissues?
a) Water and small things can leak out but blood cells and big molecules stay in the
vessel.
7) In closed circulatory systems, what is the difference between extracellular fluid and
interstitial fluid?
a) ECF is blood plasma and ECF around cells is interstitial fluid.
8) What are ostia valves and why are they important?
a) Ostia valves are 1 way valves where hemolymph can only flow in.
9) What allows blood to be circulated in only one direction in closed circulatory systems?
a) Multiple heart chambers allow blood to only be circulated in one direction.
10) What are the three main advantages closed circulatory systems have over open
circulatory systems?
a) Fluid moves more quickly through vessels than tissues, can change diameter of
, vessels to control flow, and specialized cells and large molecules that carry
hormones/nutrients can stay in vessels but drop their cargo.
11) If open circulatory systems are less efficient than closed circulatory systems in feeding
tissues, why are animals with open circulatory systems so active?
a) They don’t depend on circulatory systems for gas exchange.
12) As we investigate closed circulatory systems through different classes of vertebrates,
what major theme emerges in the evolution of the how these systems get organized?
a) Closed Systems are more complex. Blood the flows to gas exchange organs is
more separated from blood that goes to rest of body. Resistance to flow is
increased in gas exchange organs.
13) What is the difference between a pulmonary circuit and a systemic circuit?
a) Pulmonary circuits carry oxygenated blood to the heart from the lunges and
systemic circuits carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart from the body.
14) How many blood flowing circuits do fish have?
a) 1
15) What are the chambers of the fish heart?
a) One atrium and one ventricle
16) What allows the blood to flow one way in the fish?
a) Fish can obtain their oxygen from the environment through their gills.
17) Where is the blood pressure the highest in the fish? Where does this pressure dissipate
the most as it travels and why?
a) Deoxygenated blood going to the gills has the highest pressure and the lowest
pressure is right after the gills returning to the heart.
18) Which fish contain a functional lung?
a) Lungfish
19) How does the path of blood differ in these fish compare to regular fish and why?
a) They have a lung so they use pulmonary and systemic systems.
20) How does the heart of these fish differ from regular fish and why?
a) Atrium is partially separated in lunge fish.
21) How does the heart of amphibians differ from that of fish which only use gill respiration,
and that of air breathing fish?
a) Amphibians have a partially separated ventricle
1) What is a circulatory system and what is its function?
a) The circulatory system circulates blood and lymph throughout the body. The
circulatory system consists of the heart, blood vessels, blood/lymph. The purpose
is to transport oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, immune cells, hormones, and
heat.
2) Do all animals have a circulatory system? Why or why not?
a) Not all organisms have a circulatory system. Single celled organisms, protista,
utilize gradients for direct exchanges with the environment. Multicellular
organisms are small and thin so that most cells are in close contact with water.
They also utilize gradients.
3) What is the difference between an open and closed circulatory system?
a) Open circulatory systems uses the heart to move hemolymph where a closed
circulatory system uses the heart to move blood. In OCS, gas transport is not
always needed because small organisms can diffuse gasses. In a CCS, some
things can diffuse out of blood, but most stays in vessel system. Blood is kept
separate from the interstitial fluid and the blood is pumped by 1 more more
hearts.
4) What is the function of a heart and is one required in open circulatory systems? Why?
a) The heart functions to pump the fluid through the body.
5) What is hemolymph?
a) Hemolymph is a fluid equivalent to blood in most invertebrates.
6) How do nutrients and water get out of a closed circulatory system into tissues?
a) Water and small things can leak out but blood cells and big molecules stay in the
vessel.
7) In closed circulatory systems, what is the difference between extracellular fluid and
interstitial fluid?
a) ECF is blood plasma and ECF around cells is interstitial fluid.
8) What are ostia valves and why are they important?
a) Ostia valves are 1 way valves where hemolymph can only flow in.
9) What allows blood to be circulated in only one direction in closed circulatory systems?
a) Multiple heart chambers allow blood to only be circulated in one direction.
10) What are the three main advantages closed circulatory systems have over open
circulatory systems?
a) Fluid moves more quickly through vessels than tissues, can change diameter of
, vessels to control flow, and specialized cells and large molecules that carry
hormones/nutrients can stay in vessels but drop their cargo.
11) If open circulatory systems are less efficient than closed circulatory systems in feeding
tissues, why are animals with open circulatory systems so active?
a) They don’t depend on circulatory systems for gas exchange.
12) As we investigate closed circulatory systems through different classes of vertebrates,
what major theme emerges in the evolution of the how these systems get organized?
a) Closed Systems are more complex. Blood the flows to gas exchange organs is
more separated from blood that goes to rest of body. Resistance to flow is
increased in gas exchange organs.
13) What is the difference between a pulmonary circuit and a systemic circuit?
a) Pulmonary circuits carry oxygenated blood to the heart from the lunges and
systemic circuits carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart from the body.
14) How many blood flowing circuits do fish have?
a) 1
15) What are the chambers of the fish heart?
a) One atrium and one ventricle
16) What allows the blood to flow one way in the fish?
a) Fish can obtain their oxygen from the environment through their gills.
17) Where is the blood pressure the highest in the fish? Where does this pressure dissipate
the most as it travels and why?
a) Deoxygenated blood going to the gills has the highest pressure and the lowest
pressure is right after the gills returning to the heart.
18) Which fish contain a functional lung?
a) Lungfish
19) How does the path of blood differ in these fish compare to regular fish and why?
a) They have a lung so they use pulmonary and systemic systems.
20) How does the heart of these fish differ from regular fish and why?
a) Atrium is partially separated in lunge fish.
21) How does the heart of amphibians differ from that of fish which only use gill respiration,
and that of air breathing fish?
a) Amphibians have a partially separated ventricle
