MN553 Unit 9
the direct costs of medications include:
1. The actual cost of acquiring the medication
2. The loss of income due to illness
3. Pain and suffering due to inadequate drug therapy
4. The cost of a funeral associated with premature death - ANS3. Pain and suffering due to
inadequate drug therapy
Indirect costs associated with drug therapy include:
1. The cost of diagnostic tests to monitor therapeutic levels
2. Health-care provider time to prescribe and educate the patient
3. Child-care expenses incurred while receiving therapy
4. Loss of wages while undergoing drug therapy - ANS4. Loss of wages while undergoing drug
therapy
When a pharmacoeconomic analysis looks at two or more treatment alternatives that are
considered equal in efficacy and compares the costs of each it is referred to as:
1. Cost-minimization analysis
2. Cost-of-illness analysis
3. Cost-effectiveness analysis
4. Cost-benefit analysis - ANS1. Cost-minimization analysis
Cost-effectiveness analysis compares two or more treatments or programs that are:
1. Not necessarily therapeutically equivalent
2. Considered equal in efficacy
3. Compared with the dollar value of the benefit received
4. Expressed in terms of patient preference or quality-adjusted life years - ANS1. Not
necessarily therapeutically equivalent
The "donut hole" in Medicare Part D:
1. Will be totally eliminated with the federal health-care reform enacted in 2010
2. Refers to the period of time when annual individual drug costs are between $250 and $2,250
per year and drug costs are covered 75%
3. Refers to the period between when the annual individual drug costs are $2,970 and $4,750
and the patient pays 52.5% of the costs of brand name drugs (2013)
4. Has no effect on whether patients continue to fill their prescriptions during the coverage gap -
ANS3. Refers to the period between when the annual individual drug costs are $2,970 and
$4,750 and the patient pays 52.5% of the costs of brand name drugs (2013)
Research has shown that when patients who are covered by Medicare Part D reach the "donut
hole" in coverage they:
, 1. Ask for extra refills of medication to get them through the months of no coverage
2. Fill their prescriptions less frequently, including critical medications such as
warfarin or a statin
3. Fill their critical medications, but hold off on filling less-critical medications
4. Demonstrate no change in their prescription filling pattern - ANS2. Fill their prescriptions less
frequently, including critical medications such as warfarin or a statin
Food in the gastrointestinal tract affects drug absorption by:
1. Altering the pH of the colon, which decreases absorption
2. Competing with the drug for plasma proteins
3. Altering gastric emptying time
4. Altering the pH of urine - ANS3. Altering gastric emptying time
Fasting for an extended period can:
1. Increase drug absorption due to lack of competition between food and the drug
2. Alter the pH of the gastrointestinal tract, affecting absorption
3. Cause vasoconstriction, leading to decreased drug absorption
4. Shrink the stomach, causing decreased surface area for drug absorption - ANS3. Cause
vasoconstriction, leading to decreased drug absorption
A low-carbohydrate, high-protein diet may:
1. Increase drug-metabolizing enzymes
2. Decrease drug absorption from the GI tract
3. Alter drug binding to plasma proteins
4. Enhance drug elimination - ANS1. Increase drug-metabolizing enzymes
Milk and other foods that alkalinize the urine may:
1. Result in basic drugs being reabsorbed in the renal tubule
2. Increase the elimination of basic drugs in the urine
3. Decrease the elimination of acidic drugs
4. Not alter drug elimination due to the minimal change in urine pH - ANS1. Result in basic
drugs being reabsorbed in the renal tubule
The American Dietetic Association has recommended the use of specific nutritional
supplements in the following population(s):
1. 400 IU per day of vitamin D in all infants and children
2. 1,000 IU per day of vitamin D for all pregnant women
3. 60 mg per day of iron for all adults over age 50 years
4. All of the above - ANS1. 400 IU per day of vitamin D in all infants and children
The American Dietetic Association recommends pregnant women take a supplement including:
1. 1,000 IU daily of vitamin D
2. 2.4 mcg/day of vitamin B12
3. 600 mcg/day of folic acid
the direct costs of medications include:
1. The actual cost of acquiring the medication
2. The loss of income due to illness
3. Pain and suffering due to inadequate drug therapy
4. The cost of a funeral associated with premature death - ANS3. Pain and suffering due to
inadequate drug therapy
Indirect costs associated with drug therapy include:
1. The cost of diagnostic tests to monitor therapeutic levels
2. Health-care provider time to prescribe and educate the patient
3. Child-care expenses incurred while receiving therapy
4. Loss of wages while undergoing drug therapy - ANS4. Loss of wages while undergoing drug
therapy
When a pharmacoeconomic analysis looks at two or more treatment alternatives that are
considered equal in efficacy and compares the costs of each it is referred to as:
1. Cost-minimization analysis
2. Cost-of-illness analysis
3. Cost-effectiveness analysis
4. Cost-benefit analysis - ANS1. Cost-minimization analysis
Cost-effectiveness analysis compares two or more treatments or programs that are:
1. Not necessarily therapeutically equivalent
2. Considered equal in efficacy
3. Compared with the dollar value of the benefit received
4. Expressed in terms of patient preference or quality-adjusted life years - ANS1. Not
necessarily therapeutically equivalent
The "donut hole" in Medicare Part D:
1. Will be totally eliminated with the federal health-care reform enacted in 2010
2. Refers to the period of time when annual individual drug costs are between $250 and $2,250
per year and drug costs are covered 75%
3. Refers to the period between when the annual individual drug costs are $2,970 and $4,750
and the patient pays 52.5% of the costs of brand name drugs (2013)
4. Has no effect on whether patients continue to fill their prescriptions during the coverage gap -
ANS3. Refers to the period between when the annual individual drug costs are $2,970 and
$4,750 and the patient pays 52.5% of the costs of brand name drugs (2013)
Research has shown that when patients who are covered by Medicare Part D reach the "donut
hole" in coverage they:
, 1. Ask for extra refills of medication to get them through the months of no coverage
2. Fill their prescriptions less frequently, including critical medications such as
warfarin or a statin
3. Fill their critical medications, but hold off on filling less-critical medications
4. Demonstrate no change in their prescription filling pattern - ANS2. Fill their prescriptions less
frequently, including critical medications such as warfarin or a statin
Food in the gastrointestinal tract affects drug absorption by:
1. Altering the pH of the colon, which decreases absorption
2. Competing with the drug for plasma proteins
3. Altering gastric emptying time
4. Altering the pH of urine - ANS3. Altering gastric emptying time
Fasting for an extended period can:
1. Increase drug absorption due to lack of competition between food and the drug
2. Alter the pH of the gastrointestinal tract, affecting absorption
3. Cause vasoconstriction, leading to decreased drug absorption
4. Shrink the stomach, causing decreased surface area for drug absorption - ANS3. Cause
vasoconstriction, leading to decreased drug absorption
A low-carbohydrate, high-protein diet may:
1. Increase drug-metabolizing enzymes
2. Decrease drug absorption from the GI tract
3. Alter drug binding to plasma proteins
4. Enhance drug elimination - ANS1. Increase drug-metabolizing enzymes
Milk and other foods that alkalinize the urine may:
1. Result in basic drugs being reabsorbed in the renal tubule
2. Increase the elimination of basic drugs in the urine
3. Decrease the elimination of acidic drugs
4. Not alter drug elimination due to the minimal change in urine pH - ANS1. Result in basic
drugs being reabsorbed in the renal tubule
The American Dietetic Association has recommended the use of specific nutritional
supplements in the following population(s):
1. 400 IU per day of vitamin D in all infants and children
2. 1,000 IU per day of vitamin D for all pregnant women
3. 60 mg per day of iron for all adults over age 50 years
4. All of the above - ANS1. 400 IU per day of vitamin D in all infants and children
The American Dietetic Association recommends pregnant women take a supplement including:
1. 1,000 IU daily of vitamin D
2. 2.4 mcg/day of vitamin B12
3. 600 mcg/day of folic acid
