Nightingale college pathophysiology midterm exam
Questions with Complete Solutions
Pathophysiology - The study of the underlying changes in body physiology (molecular,
cellular, and organ systems) that result from disease or injury.
Pathology - The investigation of structural alterations in cells, tissues, and organs,
which can help identify the cause of a particular disease.
Diagnosis - The naming or identification of a disease - is made from an evaluation of
the evidence accumulated from the presenting signs and symptoms, health and medical
history, physical examination, laboratory tests, and imaging.
Etiology - The study of the CAUSE of disease
Epidemiology - The study of tracking patterns or disease occurrence and transmission
among populations and by geographic areas
Nucleus - Controls and regulates the activities of the cell (e.g., growth and metabolism)
and carries the genes, structures that contain the hereditary information
Cytoplasm - An aqueous solution. The medium for chemical reaction. It provides a
platform upon which other organelles can operate within the cell. All of the functions for
cell expansion, growth and replication are carried out in the cytoplasm of a cell.
,Ribosomes - Provide sites for cellular protein synthesis.
Endoplasmic Reticulum - Specializes in synthesis, folding, and transport of protein
and lipid components of most organelles. A new role is sensing cellular stress.
Golgi apparatus - Responsible for processing and packaging proteins onto secretory
vesicles that break away from the complex and migrate to various intracellular and
extracellular destinations, including plasma membrane.
Lysosomes - Contain enzymes for digesting most cellular substances to their basic
form, such as amino acids, fatty acids, and carbohydrates (sugars).
Peroxisomes - Contain oxidase enzymes that detoxify alcohol, hydrogen peroxide, and
other harmful chemicals
Mitochondria - Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy)
production
Cytoskeleton - Network of protein filaments within some cells that helps the cell
maintain its shape and is involved in many forms of cell movement
, Plasma Membrane - The membrane at the boundary of every cell that acts as a
selective barrier, thereby regulating the cell's chemical composition.
Signaling processes - 1. They display plasma membrane-bound signaling molecules
(receptors) that affect the cell itself and other cells in direct physical contact
2. They affect receptor proteins inside the target cell and the signal molecule has to
enter the cell to bind to them
3. They form protein channels (gap junctions) that directly coordinate the activities of
adjacent cells
Adaptive cellular mechanism - Atrophy: - Decrease in cell size
Adaptive cellular mechanism - Hypertrophy: - Increase in cell size
Adaptive cellular mechanism - Hyperplasia: - Increase in cell number
Adaptive cellular mechanism - Metaplasia: - Reversible replacement of one mature cell
type by another, less mature cell type or a change in cell phenotype
Adaptive cellular mechanism - Dysplasia: - Deranged cellular growth, is not considered
a true cellular adaptation but rather atypical hyperplasia
Dominant and recessive - Dominant: The allele whose effects are observable
Questions with Complete Solutions
Pathophysiology - The study of the underlying changes in body physiology (molecular,
cellular, and organ systems) that result from disease or injury.
Pathology - The investigation of structural alterations in cells, tissues, and organs,
which can help identify the cause of a particular disease.
Diagnosis - The naming or identification of a disease - is made from an evaluation of
the evidence accumulated from the presenting signs and symptoms, health and medical
history, physical examination, laboratory tests, and imaging.
Etiology - The study of the CAUSE of disease
Epidemiology - The study of tracking patterns or disease occurrence and transmission
among populations and by geographic areas
Nucleus - Controls and regulates the activities of the cell (e.g., growth and metabolism)
and carries the genes, structures that contain the hereditary information
Cytoplasm - An aqueous solution. The medium for chemical reaction. It provides a
platform upon which other organelles can operate within the cell. All of the functions for
cell expansion, growth and replication are carried out in the cytoplasm of a cell.
,Ribosomes - Provide sites for cellular protein synthesis.
Endoplasmic Reticulum - Specializes in synthesis, folding, and transport of protein
and lipid components of most organelles. A new role is sensing cellular stress.
Golgi apparatus - Responsible for processing and packaging proteins onto secretory
vesicles that break away from the complex and migrate to various intracellular and
extracellular destinations, including plasma membrane.
Lysosomes - Contain enzymes for digesting most cellular substances to their basic
form, such as amino acids, fatty acids, and carbohydrates (sugars).
Peroxisomes - Contain oxidase enzymes that detoxify alcohol, hydrogen peroxide, and
other harmful chemicals
Mitochondria - Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy)
production
Cytoskeleton - Network of protein filaments within some cells that helps the cell
maintain its shape and is involved in many forms of cell movement
, Plasma Membrane - The membrane at the boundary of every cell that acts as a
selective barrier, thereby regulating the cell's chemical composition.
Signaling processes - 1. They display plasma membrane-bound signaling molecules
(receptors) that affect the cell itself and other cells in direct physical contact
2. They affect receptor proteins inside the target cell and the signal molecule has to
enter the cell to bind to them
3. They form protein channels (gap junctions) that directly coordinate the activities of
adjacent cells
Adaptive cellular mechanism - Atrophy: - Decrease in cell size
Adaptive cellular mechanism - Hypertrophy: - Increase in cell size
Adaptive cellular mechanism - Hyperplasia: - Increase in cell number
Adaptive cellular mechanism - Metaplasia: - Reversible replacement of one mature cell
type by another, less mature cell type or a change in cell phenotype
Adaptive cellular mechanism - Dysplasia: - Deranged cellular growth, is not considered
a true cellular adaptation but rather atypical hyperplasia
Dominant and recessive - Dominant: The allele whose effects are observable
