Human Development - Exam 1 (Chapter 1-4) with Complete Solutions

Human Development - Exam 1 (Chapter 1-4) with Complete Solutions Child Development The scientific study of the patterns of growth, change, and stability that occur from conception through adolescence. Three Major Approaches to Child Development 1. Social and Personal Development 2. Physical Development 3. Cognitive Development Physical Development Examines how brain, nervous system, muscles, sensory capabilities, and needs for food, drink, and sleep affect behavior. ExQ: What determines the sex of a child What are the long-term consequences of premature birth What are the benefits of breast-feeding What are the consequences of early or late sexual masturbation Cognitive Development Emphasizes intellectual abilities, including learning, memory, language development, problem solving, and intelligence ExQ: What are the earliest memories that can be recalled from infancy What are the consequences of watching television Are there benefits to bilingualism Are there ethnic and racial differences in intelligence How does an adolescent's egocentrism affect his or her view of the world Personality and Social Development Examines enduring characteristics that differentiate one person from anotehr and how interactions with others and social relationships grow and change over the life span ExQ: Do newborns respond differently to their mothers than to others What is the best procedure for disciplining children When does a sense of gender develop How can we promote cross-race friendships What are the causes of adolescent suicide Prenatal Conception to Birth Infancy and Toddlerhood Birth to three Preschool Period three to six Middle School Period six to twelve Adolescence six to twenty Cohort A group of people born at around the same time in the same place Cohort Effect An example of history graded influences, which are biological and environmental influences associated with a particular historical moment (9/11). Age-graded Influence Biological and environmental influences that are similar to individuals in a particular age group, regardless of when or where they are raised. Social-Cultural Graded Influences Ethnicity, Social Class, Subcultural Membership, etc. Non-normative Life Events Specific Life events, atypical events that occur in a particular person's life at a time when such events do not happen to most people (a parent/child dies). Locke tabula rasa "blank slate" children entirely shaped by experiences as they grow up Locke considered a child to be a tabula rasa - which is Latin for "blank slate". In this view children entered the wolrd with no specific characteristics or personalities. Instead they were entirely shaped by their experiences as they grew up. Rousseau Noble Savages Children born with an innate sense of right and wrong and morality Rousseau argued that children were noble savages, meaning that they were born with an innate sense of right and wrong and morality. Baby Biographies First time children were methodically studied Observers traced the growth of single child