Human Development Psychology Chapter 1 with Complete Solutions

Human Development Psychology Chapter 1 with Complete Solutions Nature and Nurture The degree to which genetic or hereditary influences and experiential or environmental influences determine the kind of person you are. Continuity vs Discontinuity concerns whether a particular developmental phenomenon represents a smooth progression throughout the life span (continuity) or a series of abrupt shifts (discontinuity) Universal vs Context-Specific Development whether there is one path of development or several paths Biopsychosocial Framework a useful way to organize the biological psychological and sociocultural forces on human development. Sociocultural forces all interpersonal, societal, cultural and ethnic factors that affect development Biological forces all genetic and health related factors that affect development Psychological forces all internal perceptual cognitive emotional and personality factors that affect development Life cycle forces all that reflect differences in how the same event affects people of different ages. Neuroscience The study of the brain and the nervous system, especially the terms of brain- behavior relationships Theory an organized set of ideas that is designed to ecplain development Psychodynamic theories theories proposing that development is largely determined by how well people resolve conflicts they face at different ages Psychosocial theory Erickson proposed that personality development is determined by the interaction of an internal maturational plan and external societal demands Epigenetic Principle in erikson's theory the idea that each psychosocial strength has its own special period of particular importance Operant Conditioning the consequences of a behavior determined whether a behavior is repeated in the future. Negative reinforcement rewarding people by taking away unpleasant things Positive reinforcement fiving a reward such as a chocolate to increase the likelihood of a previous behavior. Trust vs Mistrust (birth to 1 year) develop a sense that the world is safe, a "good place" Autonomy (1-3 years) realize that one is an independent person who can make decisions and doubt Initiative (3-6 years) Develop the ability to try new things and to handle failure industry (6 years - adolescence) Learn basic skills and to work with others Identity (adolescence) develop a lasting integrated sense of self Intimacy (young adulthood) commit to another in a loving relationship generativity (middle adulthood) contribute to younger people through child rearing child care or other productive work