DAANCE EXAM QUESTIONS WITH 100 % CORRECT ANSWERS | VERIFIED

DAANCE EXAM Addison's disease - Answer-A disease due to hyposecretion of glucocorticoids, characterized by low blood pressure, diarrhea, digestive disturbance, and a bronzelike pigmentation of the skin Adjunctive agents - Answer-Agents that supplement the primary anesthetic agents to augment or enhance the effects of the primary agent Allergenicity - Answer-Having the property of an allergen, a substance that will elicit an allergic response in sensitive individuals Alveolus (plural: alveoli) - Answer-A small air sac within the body of the lung Amide - Answer-A chemical structure derived from ammonia; there is a group of amide local anesthetics that are widely used in dentistry (eg, lidocaine, mepivacaine, prilocaine, bupivacaine). Amnesia - Answer-Failure to remember events related to surgery Analgesia - Answer-Insensitivity to pain Anaphylaxis - Answer-A severe allergic reaction marked by any of several severe responses, including skin reactions, smooth muscle cramping, urinary incontinence, construction of bronchioles, respiratory difficulty, and cardiovascular collapse Anemia - Answer-A reduction in the number of red blood cells in the bloodstream Angina pectoris - Answer-Pain in the chest, with a feeling of suffocation, usually due to deficiency of blood supply to the myocardium Antecubital - Answer-Situated in front of the elbowAntecubital fossa - Answer-The depression between the forearm and the upper arm that is literally "in front of the elbow" Anticholinergic - Answer-A drug that counteracts the action of acetylcholine, the neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system and thereby blocks the action of the parasympathetic nerves Antiemetic - Answer-A drug that counteracts nausea and vomiting Antisialagogue - Answer-A drug that counteracts the production of saliva Anxiolytic - Answer-Drugs that reduce anxiety, agitation, or tension (eg, Valium, midazolam) Aorta - Answer-The main trunk (a very large artery) from which the arterial system proceeds Apnea - Answer-Absence or cessation of breathing Arrest rhythms - Answer-Cardiac rhythms in which there is cardiac arrest. Some arrest rhythms such as pulseless ventricular tachycardia are accompanied by a rhythm display, but there is no contraction Arrhythmia - Answer-Any variation from the normal rhythm of the heartbeat Arteriole - Answer-Any of the very small arterial branches located at the end of an artery (furthest from the heart) Artery - Answer-A vessel that varies blood away from the heart to other parts of the body Ascites - Answer-Accumulation of the serous fluid in the abdominal cavity Asystole - Answer-Cardiac arrest in which there is no rhythm display and no contractionAtaractics - Answer-Pharmacologic agents that produce a tranquilizing effect Atherosclerosis - Answer-A disease of the arteries characterized by the deposition of plaques of fatty material on their inner walls Atrial fibrillation - Answer-Atrial arrhythmia characterized by rapid randomized contractions of the atrial myocardium, causing a totally irregular and often rapid ventricular rate Atrial flutter - Answer-A condition of cardiac arrhythmia in which the atrial contractions are rapid (200 to 320 per minute) Atrial (supraventricular) rhythms - Answer-Dysrythmias in which the pacemaker is in the atria above the level of the ventricles (supraventricular) area Atrial Tachycardia - Answer-Rapid heartbeat originating from the atria Atrioventricular block (AV block) - Answer-A cardiac conduction defect in which the impulse generated by the SA node is partially or completely blocked in the area of the AV nose Atrioventricular node - Answer-A microscopic collection of heart muscle fibers involved in the electrical activity of the heart Atrium (plural: atria) - Answer-An upper chamber of the heart; atria also exist in other parts of the body Automaticity - Answer-The condition of being automatic Autonomic nervous system - Answer-A portion of the nervous system concerned with regulation of the activity of cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands Balanced anesthesia - Answer-Anesthesia that relies on the use of several agents together, capitalizing on the best aspects of each agent, but using each at a smaller dose than would be required if it were used aloneBarbiturates - Answer-A group of pharmacologic agents that have sedative properties and produce amnesia and a hypnotic effect (eg, thiopental sodium, brevital) Baroreceptor - Answer-A sensory nerve ending that is stimulated by changes in pressure, as those in the walls of blood vessels Blood Dyscrasia - Answer-Any abnormal condition of the blood Bolus - Answer-A rapidly administered dose of medication, as compared to a slow, steady administration of medication with continuous infusion Brachial artery - Answer-Artery that supplies blood to the shoulder, arm, forearm, and hand Brachiocephalic artery - Answer-The large artery on the right of the neck that distributes blood to the right side of the head and neck and right arm Bradycardia - Answer-Slow heart rate (less than 60 beats per minute) Bronchiole - Answer-One of the finer (1mm or less) subdivisions of the branched bronchial tree Bronchus - Answer-Any of the larger air passages of the lungs Bundle of His (HISS) - Answer-A small band of atypical cardiac muscle fibers the propagates the atrial contradiction rhythm to the ventricles Capillary - Answer-Any of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body Capnography - Answer-Measurement and recording of the amount of carbon dioxide in expires airCardiac dysrhythmias (arrhythmias) - Answer-Rhythm disturbances of the heart Cardiac cycle - Answer-The complete cardiac movement (the systolic and diastolic movement with the interval between them) or heartbeat; the number of cardiac cycles per minute constitutes the heart rate Cardiac output - Answer-The total amount of blood pumped by either ventricle of the heart per unit of time (usually volume per minute); it is equal to stroke volume multiplied by the heart rate Cardioacceleratory center (CAC) - Answer-A group of neurons (conducting cells of their nervous system) in the brain stem involved in the acceleration of the heart action Cardioinhibitory center (CIC) - Answer-A group of neurons in the brain stem that has an inhibitory influence on the heart action via the vagus nerve (tenth cranial nerve) Catatonic - Answer-A psychiatric state in which the patient appears apathetic and stuporous with diminution of sensibility Center of Emotion - Answer-A group of structures in the central portion of the brain that regulate the spectrum of emotional response from a calm, placid state on the one hand to a state of anxiety or rage on the other Central Nervous System - Answer-That portion of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord Cerebellum - Answer-The part of the brain that is concerned with coordination of movement Cerebrovascular accident (CVA) - Answer-Also called stroke; a neurologic defect lasting more than 24 hours caused by a reduced blood flow in the brain Cerebrum - Answer-The main portion of the brain that is concerned with thinkingChronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) - Answer-Any disorder (eg, asthma, chronic bronchitis, and pulmonary emphysema) marked by persistent obstruction of bronchial air flow Cirrhosis - Answer-Liver disease characterized by loss of normal microscopic lobular structure of the liver and the formation of fibrous tissue CMTC - Answer-The chemoreceptors trigger zone. A center in the brain stem that responds to the presence of potentially toxic substances in the blood and signals the vomiting center to induce vomiting Coarse V. Fib. - Answer-Ventricular fibrillation in which there are relatively prominent deflections of the baseline Common carotid artery - Answer-One of two large, palpable arteries in the neck; the one on the right branches off the brachiocephalic artery and the one on the left branches off the aorta Compensatory pause - Answer-A long beat that compensates for a shorter beat which contains either an atrial or ventricular premature contraction Congenital heart disease - Answer-A cardiac disease caused by a defect in the heart structure present at birth Congestive heart failure - Answer-A clinical syndrome due to heart disease and characterized by breathlessness and abnormal water and sodium retention, resulting in edema Coniotomy - Answer-A procedure involving incision or passage of a large needle through the cricothyroid ligament to create an airway for emergency relief of upper airway obstruction; also called cricothryotomy Continuous infusion - Answer-Slow steady administration of intravenous fluid or an anesthetic agent Coronary sinus - Answer-The terminal portion of the great cardiac vein, which lies between the left atrium and ventricle, and empties into the right atriumCorticosteroid - Answer-(Also called adrenocortical hormone) Any of the steroids produced by the adrenal vortex and involved in many activities, including the body's response to stress; they are used clinically for anti-inflammatory purposes, to suppress the immune response, or for other purposes Couplets - Answer-Two premature ventricular contractions (PVC's) in succession Cranial nerve - Answer-Any of the 12 pairs of nerves connected with the brain; they are part of the peripheral nervous system Cricothyrotomy - Answer-A procedure involving incision or passage of a large needle through the cricothyroid ligament to create an airway for emergency relief of upper airway obstruction; also called coniotomy Cushing's disease - Answer-Abnormally increased activity of the adrenal gland as a result of excessive pituitary secretion of glucocorticoids Cyanosis - Answer-A bluish discoloration, especially of the skin and mucous membranes Deciliter (dL) - Answer-A deciliter is 1/10 of a liter and is the common unit used in the measurement of hemoglobin, which is expressed in milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) Depolorization - Answer-A reversal of charge across the neuronal membrane caused by the movement of positively and negatively charged ions through ion channels Diaphragm - Answer-The partition of muscles and tendons between the abdominal and chest cavities. It is the primary respiratory muscle responsible for inhalation and exhalation of air in the lungs Diastolic - Answer-Pertaining to the phrase when the heart's pumping action forces blood into the ventricles to expand Diffusion hypoxia - Answer-A phenomenon during emergence from anesthesia that follows the discontinuation of nitrous oxide and during which nitrous oxide rapidly passes from the bloodstream into the alveoli and displaced other gases, including oxygenDigitalis - Answer-A pharmacologic agent used to treat congestive heart failure, atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, and paroxysmal tachycardia of the atria Dissociative anesthesia - Answer-A form of anesthesia in which the patient becomes dissociated or detached from the sensory inputs from his/her environment Diuretic - Answer-An agent that promotes excretion of urine Dorsum - Answer-The back or posterior aspect of an anatomic part, eg, the dorsum of the hand Dysphoria - Answer-unpleasant feeling on emerging from anesthesia Dyspnea - Answer-Difficult or labored breathing Dysthymia - Answer-Disturbance of cardiac rhythm Ectopic - Answer-Displaced. The term is often used to describe displaced foci for the generation of an impulse in the myocardium ie an ectopic pacemaker Ectopic focus () - Answer-A displaced central point of origin for a cardiac dysthymia Ectopic pacemaker - Answer-Any biologic cardiac pacemaker other than the sinus node Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) - Answer-A graphic tracing of the variations in the heart's electrical activity used in the diagnosis of heart disease Emergence - Answer-The awakening or return of consciousness of a patient following anesthesia Embolism - Answer-The sudden blocking of an artery by a clot or foreign materialEMLA - Answer-Eutectic mixture of local anesthetic. An ointment containing a mixture of lidocaine and prilocaine that is used as a topical anesthetic prior to venipunture Endocarditis - Answer-Inflammation of the endocardium (the lining of the cavities of the heart and connective tissue bed in which it lies) Endorphins - Answer-Naturally occurring substances that have analgesic properties similar those of opioid drugs Epiglottis - Answer-A soft tissue valve located at the base of the tongue that prevents food from entering the larynx and trachea while swallowing Epinephrine - Answer-A hormone secreted by the adrenal gland that is a potent stimulator of the sympathetic nervous system and a powerful vasopressor, increasing blood pressure, stimulating the heart muscle, accelerating the heart rate, and increasing cardiac input; also increases glucose release and other metronomic activities Erythrocyte - Answer-Red blood cell Ester - Answer-A chemical structure created by the combination of an acid with an alcohol. There is a group of ester local anesthetic (eg, procaine and cocaine) Euphoria - Answer-A feeling of elation or well being caused by a drug or anesthetic agent Extravasation - Answer-Leakage of intravenous fluid into the tissue surrounding an intravenous cannula during an intravenous infusion Facial artery - Answer-Artery that supplies blood to the face, tonsil, palate, and submandibular gland Fasciculation - Answer-Sustained twitching of all of the muscles of the bodyFine ventricular fibrillation - Answer-Ventricular fibrillation in which there are very small deflections of the baseline First degree AV block - Answer-An atrioventricular block with a long PR interval, but no missed beats Flat line - Answer-Descriptive term for asystole in which there are no deflections of the baseline Focus (plural: foci) - Answer-A site in the atria or ventricles that is the center point for the generation of impulse (eg., a pacemaker) Glucocorticoid - Answer-A type of corticosteroid involved in many bodily activities Halogenated Hydrocarbons - Answer-Inhalation general anesthesic agents containing carbon, hydrogen and elements from the halogen series of atoms such as chlorine or bromine (eg., fluothane, isoflurane, desflurane, sevoflurane) Heart murmur - Answer-A sound heard with a stethoscope indicative of a back flow of blood into the atria or into the ventricles Hematocrit - Answer-The volume percentage of erythrocytes in whole blood Hematoma - Answer-Localized collection of blood, usually clotted, in an organ, space, or tissue, due to a break down in the wall of a blood vessel Hemoglobin - Answer-A component of red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs Homeostasis - Answer-The maintenance of internal stability of a system with minimal variation from the normal state (eg., maintenance of blood pressure or pulse and respiration within the normal range) Hypercarbia - Answer-An increase level of carbon dioxideHypertension - Answer-Abnormally high blood pressure Hyperthyroidism - Answer-Excessive functional activity of the thyroid gland, characterized by increased nasal metabolism, goiter, and disturbances of the autonomic nervous system Hypnosis - Answer-unconsciousness induces by an anesthetic agent Hypotension - Answer-Abnormally low blood pressure Hypothyroidism - Answer-Deficiency of thyroid activity characterized in adults by decreased basal metabolic rate, tiredness, sensitivity to cold, and menstrual disturbances Hypoxia - Answer-Low levels of oxygen in the body's tissues Induction - Answer-The initiation of a state of unconsciousness during anesthesia Inferior alveolar artery - Answer-Artery that supplies blood to the mandible, teeth, lower lip, and chin Inferior vena cava - Answer-The venous trunk from the lower extremities and abdominal viscera that empties blood into the right atrium of the heart Internal jugular vein - Answer-Vein that drains much of the blood from the head and the neck Ion channels - Answer-Microscopic channels within the membranes of neurons through which charged particles or ions pass during conduction of the nerve impulse Ischemia - Answer-Deficiency of blood to a body part, due to functional constriction of the nerve impulse Jaundice - Answer-A syndrome characterized by yellowish skin, mucous membranes and sclera (white outer coat of the eyeball)Junctions rhythms - Answer-Cardiac dysrhythmia in which the ectopic pacemaker is in the area of the AV junction Laryngopharynx - Answer-A part of the pharynx that lies directly behind the larynx (voice box) Lingual artery - Answer-Artery that supplies blood to the tongue, tonsils, and floor of mouth Maxillary artery - Answer-Artery that supplies blood to the maxilla, teeth, ear, meninges, nose, nasal sinus, and palate Medulla oblongata - Answer-An oblong-shaped structure in the upper portion of the brain stem, which, along with the Pons, contains vital centers that control such physiologic processes as maintenance of blood pressure and pulse, respiration, etc. Mental artery - Answer-Artery that distributes blood to the chin Metabolism - Answer-The chemical alteration of drugs and other substances that usually takes place in the liver. In some cases the new substance formed by the chemical alteration has no chemical activity of its own, which in other cases there may be active metabolites. Mitral valve - Answer-The valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle of the heart that lets blood pass into the left ventricle Mitral valve prolapse - Answer-A valvular heart disorder in which one or both mitral valve flaps close incompletely Motor nerve - Answer-A nerve of the peripheral nervous system that stimulates muscle contraction Multi focal premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) - Answer-PVCs for which there are two or more ectopic foci that generate PVCS of different configurationsMyocardial infarction - Answer-Necrosis (death) of tissue of the myocardium resulting from an interruption of the blood supply to the area, as in coronary thrombosis Myocardium - Answer-The middle and thickest layer of the heart wall, composed of cardiac muscle Narcotic agonist-antagonists - Answer-Pharmacologic agents that reverse the effects of narcotics while also providing pain relief and a degree of sedation (eg. Pentazocine, nalbuphine, butorphanol tartrate) Narcotics - Answer-Drugs that produce insensibility and stupor (eg., morphine, meperidine, fentanyl) Nasopharynx - Answer-The part of the pharynx that lies above the back of the soft palate Neuron - Answer-Nerve cell Neurotransmitter - Answer-A chemical substance that crosses the synaptic cleft and activates opening of ion channels in the postsynaptic nerve, and thereby enables the nerve impulse to pass from one nerve to the next Norepinepherine - Answer-A hormone secreted by the adrenal gland that is the principal neurotransmitter of sympathetic nerve endings supplying the major organs and skin; increases blood pressure and rate and depth of breathing; raises level of blood sugar, decreases the activity of the intestines Normal sinus rhythm - Answer-The normal rhythm of the heart containing P waves, QRS complexes and T waves with a regular rate of 60-100 bpm NPO - Answer-Nothing by mouth Olfactory nerve - Answer-The first cranial nerve, which allows a person to smell Optic nerve - Answer-The second cranial nerve, which allows a person to seeOropharynx - Answer-The division of the pharynx lying between the soft palate and the upper edge of the epiglottis Oxygen capacity - Answer-The maximum amount of oxygen an individual's blood can carry; this capacity depends on the amount of hemoglobin available P wave - Answer-A wave appearing on a cardiac monitor tracing that reflects the electrical activity that produces contraction of the atria Paradoxical effect - Answer-An effect that is the opposite of the intended effect Parasympathetic nervous system - Answer-The part of the autonomic nervous system pertaining to skull and sacrum (bone just below the lumbar vertebrae) Parenteral - Answer-Routes of medication administration other than by mouth (eg., intramuscular, intravenous, subcutaneous) Paroxysmal tachycardia - Answer-A condition marked by sudden attacks of rapid heartbeats PEA (pulseless electrical activity) - Answer-A cardiac dysrhythmia in which a normal rhythm such as sinus bradycardia appears on the monitor screen although there is no contraction of the heart Peripheral nervous system - Answer-That portion of the nervous system consisting of the nerves and ganglia (groups of nerve cell bodies) outside the brain and spinal cord Pharmacodynamics - Answer-The effects that the drug had on various body systems (ie., what the drug does to the body) Pharmacokinetics - Answer-The effects that the body has on a drug (ie., what the body does to the drug) Pharynx - Answer-The muscular and membranous cavity leading from the mouth and lower nasal passages to the tracheaPhlebitis - Answer-Inflammation of a blood vessel (usually a vein) in response to an irritating intravenously administered substance Pneumonitis - Answer-Inflammation of the lungs PO (per os) - Answer-Through the mouth Pons - Answer-An almond-shaped structure that is the upper-most portion of the brain stem and serves as a "bridge" to the midbrain; the Pons and medulla oblongata beneath it contain the vital centers that control such physiologic processes as maintenance of blood pressure and pulse, respiration etc. Potentiate - Answer-To make stronger or enhance the effort of a drug or anesthetic agent Premature atrial contraction (PAC) - Answer-A premature firing of n ectopic focus in the atria producing an early contraction of the atria Premature ventricular contractions (PVC) - Answer-Premature contraction of the heart that is independent of the normal rhythm and arises in response to an impulse in the ventricle Prothrombin - Answer-A protein present in plasma that represents one of several coagulation factors ( substances in the blood that are essential to the clotting process) Protease inhibitors - Answer-A class of pharmacologic agents used in the treatment of AIDS to help prevent replication of the HIV virus in the body Pseudocholinesterase - Answer-A type of enzyme found in the blood that is responsible for the metabolic breakdown of the muscle relaxant succinylcholine Pterygoid plexus - Answer-A network of veins corresponding to the second and third parts of the maxillary arteryPulmonary artery - Answer-One of two arteries (branches of the pulmonary trunk) that carry venous blood from the heart to the lungs Pulmonary veins - Answer-The veins that return oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart. This is the only case in the body in which veins carry oxygenated blood Pulseless V. Tach - Answer-A cardiac dysrhythmia in which there is a monitor display of ventricular tachycardia, but there is no contraction Purkinje fiber system - Answer-Specialized cardiac muscle fibers that rapidly transmit impulses in the heart and coordinate contraction of the heart; dense networks of these fibers form the sinostrial and atrioventricular nodes QRS complex - Answer-An element appearing in a cardiac monitor tracing that reflects the activity that produces ventricular contractions Rales - Answer-Abnormal breathing sounds detected during auscultation of the lungs that are often described as crackling or bubbling Receptor sites - Answer-Specialized sites on ion channels to which natural neurotransmitter substances or drugs attach, usually leading to the opening of the ion channel for passage of positively or negatively charged ions Redistribution - Answer-The release of a drug from its initial receptor site and its movement through the blood steam to other body structures such as fat stores, muscles, etc Relay center - Answer-An ovoid structure in the central portion of the brain that relays sensory input to the cerebral cortex Repolarization - Answer-Reestablishment of the normal distribution of charge across neuronal membraneReview of systems - Answer-An organized set of questions asked during history taking that address each of the major body systems Rheumatic heart disease - Answer-Damage to the heart, primarily the heart valves, caused by a systematic bacterial infection Run of PVCs - Answer-Several PVCs in succession. Three or more are considered the beginning of ventricular tachycardia Second degree AV block, type 1 - Answer-An atrioventricular block with progressive elongation of the PR interval followed by a dropped beat Second degree AV block, type 2 - Answer-An atrioventricular block with alternating conducting and nonconducting impulses and multiple dropped beats Sedatives - Answer-A group of pharmacologic agents used to provide a sense of relaxation in patients who are apprehensive (eg., pentobarbital, droperidol) Sensory nerve - Answer-A nerve of the peripheral nervous system that conducts impulses from a sense organ to the spinal cord or brain Sinoatrial (SA) node - Answer-A microscopic collection of heart muscle fibers where cardiac rhythm originates; also called the pacemaker of the heart Sinus arrhythmia - Answer-A cardiac dysrhythmia similar to normal sinus rhythm, but with slight variation in rate with inspiration and expiration Sinus Bradycardia - Answer-Cardiac dysrhythmia similar to normal sinus rhythm, except for a slower rate of less than 60 bpm Sinus rhythms - Answer-Caricature rhythms in which the pacemaker is the sinoatrial nodeSinus tachycardia - Answer-A cardiac dysrhythmia similar to normal sinus rhythm except for an increase in rate of greater than 100 bpm but usually less than 15 bpm Stroke volume - Answer-The amount of blood ejected from a ventricle during each beat of the heart Subcutaneous - Answer-Beneath the skin; usually refers to an injection technique in which the drug is deposited in the connective tissue layer beneath the skin Superior vena cava - Answer-The venous trunk that drains blood from the head, neck, upper extremities, and chest and empties into the right atrium of the heart Supraventricular foci - Answer-Central points of origin of dysrhythmias, which are located above the level of the ventricles in the atria Supraventricular tachycardia - Answer-A cardiac dysrhythmia in which there is rapid firing of an ectopic focus in the atria above the levels of the ventricles with a rate of 150 to 250 bpm and a narrow QRS complex Sympathomimetic - Answer-Having activity that mimics the effects of the sympathetic nervous system (eg.; epinephrine) Synapse - Answer-The junction between two neurons where impulses are transmitted from one neuron to another Synaptic cleft - Answer-The gap between two nerves where they meet at a synapse Syncope - Answer-Temporary suspension of consciousness due to generalized cerebral ischemia; fainting Synergistic - Answer-The phenomenon that exists when two drugs are administered together, and the combined effect is greater than the sum of its partsSystolic - Answer-Pertaining to the phase of the heart's pumping action when the ventricles contract, forcing blood either to the lungs or peripheral circulation T wave - Answer-The EKG waveform that represents repolarization of the ventricles Tachycardia - Answer-Fast heart rate (greater than 100 beats per minute) Terminal button - Answer-The bulge at the end of the nerve that touches the next nerve in the nerve pathway at a synapse Third degree AV block - Answer-An atrioventricular block in which the impulse does not conduct from the atria to the ventricles and there is independent contraction of the atria and ventricles Thrombosis - Answer-Formation of a blood clot in a blood vessel, usually a vein Tidal volume - Answer-The amount of gas that is inspired or expired during one respiratory cycle Titrate - Answer-To give a small quantity of a drug and assess its effects before giving additional drugs Trachea - Answer-The tube descending from the larynx and branching into the left and right main bronchi; also called the windpipe Tracheostomy - Answer-The surgical creation of an opening into the trachea through the neck Transient ischemic attack (TIA) - Answer-A brief attack (from a few minutes to hours) of cerebral dysfunction caused by reduced flow in the brain Trigeminal nerve - Answer-The fifth cranial nerve, which supplies sensation to the face, teeth, mouth, and nasal cavity and supplies motor abilities to some facial muscles, such as the muscles of masticationType 1 diabetes - Answer-Insulin dependent diabetes (formerly called juvenile diabetes), in which patients must receive insulin injections to regulate their glucose levels Type 2 diabetes - Answer-Noninsulin dependent diabetes (formerly known as adult-onset diabetes), in which patients rarely require insulin injections to regulate their glucose levels Vagus nerve - Answer-The tenth cranial nerve, which supplies fibers to many parts of the body, including the ears, tongue, pharynx, larynx, and thoracic and abdominal viscera Vapocoolant - Answer-A chemical spray applied to the skin to rapidly cool the skin surface and desensitize it in preparation for venipuncture or an injection of medication Vaporizer - Answer-A device that allows for the controlled evaporation and release of inhalation anesthesic agents for the administration of inhalation anesthesia Vasoconstriction - Answer-The decrease in the diameter of a vessel, especially constriction of arterioles leading to decreased blood flow to a part Vasoconstrictors - Answer-pharmacologic agents that cause blood vessels to constrict (eg., epinephrine) Vasodilation - Answer-Dilation of a vessel, especially dilation of arterioles leading to increased blood flow to a part Vein (also called vena) - Answer-A vessel that carried blood from organs or other parts of the body back to the heart Ventricle - Answer-One of a pair of cavities that have thick muscular walls and make up the bulk of the heart Ventricular fibrillation - Answer-Arrhythmia characterized by contractions of ventricle muscle fibers due to rapid excitation of myocardial fibers without coordinated contraction of the ventricleVentricular focus () - Answer-A displaced point of origin for a dysrhythmia that is in he ventricles Ventricular rhythms - Answer-Cardiac dysrhythmia in which the pacemaker is in the ventricles rather than the SA node or atria Ventricular tachycardia - Answer-A cardiac dysrhythmia in which there is rapid firing of an ectopic focus in the ventricles (with a rate of 140 to 200 bpm) and a wide QRS complex with no P waves Venule - Answer-Any of the small vessels that collect blood from networks of capillaries and join them to forms vein Vestibular nerve - Answer-Part of the eighth cranial nerve that is connected with equilibrium and hearing Vital centers - Answer-Centers in the brain stem that control such physiologic processes as blood pressure and pulse, depth and rate of respiration, etc Vomiting center - Answer-The center in the brain stem that induces the vomiting response Wakefulness system - Answer-The system in the brain that maintains the state of consciousness or wakefulness. It consists of a central core (reticular core) in the brain stem with neurons that radiate to the cortex Wave of depolarization - Answer-An advancing wave of charge reversal at the nerve impulse advances along the neuron