Basic & Clinical Pharmacology - Hypertension - Antihypertensive Agents Exam Questions with 100% Correct Answers Verified | Updated

Basic & Clinical Pharmacology - Hypertension - Antihypertensive Agents Exam Questions with 100% Correct Answers Verified | Updated What is diagnosis for hypertension and regulation or BP? - answer- Repeated and reproducible measurements of elevated BP - White Coat Hypertension - Seldom give cause - Usually asymptomatic What is normal blood pressure? - answer<120/80 What is prehypertension? - answer120-139/80-89 What is hypertension? - answer>140/90 What is stage 1 BP? - answer140-159/90-99 What is stage 2 BP? - answer>160/100 What are hypertension risks? - answer- Damage to kidney, heart, and brain - Risk doubles starting at 115/75 and doubles with each increment of 20/10 - Risk is higher with higher elevation - Higher risk in African Americans and Males - Smoking, obesity, dyslipidemia, physical activity, and family history increase risk What are two types of hypertension? - answer1. Essential Primary Hypertension 2. Secondary Hypertension What is hypertension most commonly caused by? - answer- Increase resistance to flow of blood - Genetic factors (30%), psychological stress, environmental and dietary factors (increased salt and decreased potassium or calcium intake) What is hypertension education? - answerMonitor BP at home routinely Report side effects Do not skip doses or stop without MD Rise slowly from reclining position Caution operating cars/machinery Caution with alcohol- dizziness, weakness, sleepiness, and confusion Stop Smoking Avoid hot tubs and hot showers Exercise Take extended release products whole unless instructed otherwise Where does regulation of blood pressure occur? - answerArterioles Postcapillary Venules Heart Kidneys Vasoactive substances What regulates blood pressure? - answerBaroreflexes and Renal Response What are baroreflexes? - answerMoment to moment adjustments What are baroreflexes stimulated by? - answerStretch of vessel walls What happens when you stretch the vessel walls of baroreflexes? - answerActivation inhibits central sympathetic discharge Reduction of stretch increased sympathetic discharge What is an example of baroreflexes? - answer- Transition from laying or standing - Blood pools below heart triggering activation of sympathetic discharge - Increased vascular resistance (constrict arterioles) and cardiac output (direct stimulation and constriction of capacitance vessels) What is renal response? - answerLong Term control Controls blood volume Reduced perfusion causes increase water and salt reabsorption In a renal response, reduction perfusion causes increase water and salt reabsorption which does what? - answer- Stimulated renin production which increases angiotensin II - Constriction of vessels - Stimulation of aldosterone synthesis - Increased renal sodium absorption and intravascular blood volume What are diuretics? - answerDeplete sodium and reduce blood volume What is block angiotensin? - answerReduce peripheral vascular resistance What are direct vasodilators? - answerRelax smooth muscle and decrease resistance What are Sympathoplegic agents? - answerReduce peripheral resistance, inhibit cardiac function, and increase venous pooling in capacitance vessels (reducing cardiac output) What is the MOA of diuretics? - answerdeplete sodium and blood volume What do diuretics do? - answer- Initially reduce cardiac output and may increase peripheral vascular resistance After 6-8 weeks, cardiac output and vascular resistance return closer to normal - Diuretics alone may be adequate for mild to moderate essential hypertension - May help control sodium retention caused by sympathoplegic and vasodilator drugs What are types of diuretics? - answerthiazide, loop diuretics, potassium sparing, osmotic What are types thiazides? - answerchlorthalidone, hydrochlorothiazide, metolazone What thiazide is more effective? - answerChlorthalidone is more effective than hydrochlorothiazide because of the longer duration of action What are types of loop diuretics? - answerfurosemide, bumetanide, torsemide What do loop diuretics do? - answerMore powerful than thiazides Used in severe hypertension with multiple drugs with sodium retaining properties are used Renal insufficiency (GFR less than 30-40 mL/min Cardiac failure or cirrhosis- if sodium retention is high What is a type of Potassium Sparing Diuretics? - answerSpironolactone What to avoid in potassium sparing diuretics? - answerAvoid potassium depletion What is toxicity of diuretics? - answerPotassium depletion (not K+ sparing)