Basic & Clinical Pharmacology II - Eye and Ear Exam Questions with 100% Correct Answers Verified | Updated

Basic & Clinical Pharmacology II - Eye and Ear Exam Questions with 100% Correct Answers Verified | Updated What are the most common eye diseases in adults over 40 years old? - answerAge related macular degeneration Glaucoma Cataracts Diabetic retinopathy Conjunctivitis What are treatment for these eye diseases? - answerAnti-infectives Anti-inflammatory Antiglaucoma Mydriatics (pupil dilation) Local anesthetics How to apply eye drops? - answerInstilling eye medication. Gently pull the lower lid down and have patient look upward. Drop eye drop into lower sac of eye. When are ointments preferred? - answerChildren Patients with poor adherence Nighttime administration When are drops preferred? - answerDaytime administration What anti-infective medications? - answerMacrolides Bacitracin Fluoroquinolones Sulfonamides Bacitracin-polymyxin Trimethoprim-polymyxin Aminoglycosides Ganciclovir (anti-viral) What happens if there is no improvement in 2-3 days? - answerSuspect microbial resistance Inappropriate choice of drug Incorrect diagnosis What are the other options for anti-infectives? - answerSwitch antibiotic Have patient return for follow up appt How long is the treatment for pink-eye? - answer7-10 days What is the patient education for using eye drops and ointments? - answer- Using only as directed and checking dosage and frequency - Carefully instilling into the lower conjunctival sac to avoid contamination of the tip of the dropper or ointment tube Possible hypersensitivity reactions in patients with allergies of any kind - Discontinuing the medication and reporting immediately to a physician any signs of sensitivity (e.g., burning and itching) - Careful handwashing to prevent the spread of infection to the other eye or other persons - Pinching the inner canthus can increase absorption and prevent washing away as quickly (and limit systemic absorption) What are other patient education things you can do when using eye drops and ointment? - answer- Not using eye makeup or not wearing contact lenses while treating eye infections - Replacing eye makeup and contacts due to possible contamination by the causative organism - Never reusing an anti-infective ophthalmic drop from a previous infection - When using more than one ophthalmic product at the same time, spacing them at least 5 min apart (to ensure maximum absorption) and administering the more viscous preparation (i.e., ointment, suspension) last What are side effects when using anti-infective eye drops and ointments? - answerHypersensitivity reactions What are the specific side effects that occur during hypersensitivity reactions? - answerConjunctivitis Irritation Local burning Stinging Blurred vision Rash Urticaria What are the precautions when using eye drops? - answer- Allergy history - Viral and fungal disease of ocular structure What are the interactions when using these types of medications? - answer- May occur with prolonged use of corticosteroids which result in secondary ocular infections caused by suppression of immune response - Antiviral ophthalmic preps used topically for herpes simplex, keratitis, or conjunctivitis - Viroptic (trifluridine) How to use viroptic(trifluridine)? - answerOne drop to lower conjunctival sac of infected eye up to 9 times a day at 2 hour intervals while awake (max 9 drops per eye per day or 21 days per episode What anti-inflammatory drugs are used for the eye? - answerCorticosteroids and NSAIDs When do you use corticosteroids for the eye? - answerFor acute stages of eye injury - Prevent scarring - For severe symptoms - If condition is unresponsive to other medications - Generally does not cause systemic effects What are the side effects of using corticosteroids? - answerIncreased intraocular pressure Reduced body resistance to bacteria, viruses, or fungi (increased risk) Delayed healing of corneal wounds, thinning of cornea, and corneal ulceration Stinging, burning, or ocular pain Increased risk of developing cataracts What are the precautions when using corticosteroids? - answerAcute bacterial, viral, or fungal infections Primary open-angle glaucoma