Nursing 172 Fluid & Electrolytes Exam | Questions & 100% Correct Answers (Verified) | Latest Update | Grade A+

normal bicarbonate levels : 22-26 mEq/L normal chloride levels : 96-106 mEq/L normal phosphate levels : 2.4-4.4 mg/dL normal potassium levels : 3.5-5.0 mEq/L normal magnesium levels : 1.5-2.5 mEq/L normal sodium levels : 135-145 mEq/L 2 | P a g e normal calcium levels (total) : 8.6-10.2 mg/dL normal calcium levels (ionized) : 4.6-5.3 mg/dL Hypernatremia : Elevated serum sodium levels Clinical manifestations of hypernatremia : Restlessness, agitation, intense thirst Causes of hypernatremia : Excessive sodium intake, inadequate water intake, excessive water loss, diabetes, Cushing syndrome Hyponatremia : Low serum sodium levels Causes of hyponatremia 3 | P a g e : Excessive sodium loss, inadequate sodium intake, excessive water gain, SIADH, heart failure Clinical manifestations of hyponatremi