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SEO hoorcollege 5

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Uitgebreide aantekeningen van het vijfde hoorcollege van SEO

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SEO HC 5


Peer relationships: friendships, status and bullying

Difference between peers and friends
 Peers
o People about the same age
o = large network of same-age classmates
 Friends
o People you know, like, and with whom you develop a valued, mutual
relationship

Adolescence: changing social contexts
 Shift from spending time with parents  spending time with peers
o Transition from primary school to high school
o Less adult supervision and monitoring
o More enjoyment when spending time with peers

Er is een shift van basisschool naar de middelbare school. Daar is ook minder supervisie van
volwassenen. De kinderen gaan dan liever om met de peers, en daar is nu ook meer kans
voor.

Family versus friends in adolescence
 Time spent with family decreases
 Time spent with friends increases
o Especially other sex friends (nu dus ook andere sekse, dit is een verandering
in de natuur van hoe we met anderen interacteren).

Family versus friends in adolescence
 Main source of support and happiness:
o Shifts from parents to friends
 Discussion preferences:
o Friends for romantic/sex issues
o Parents for career/education

De kids praten met ouders over carrière en werk enzovoorts en bij de peers over
bijvoorbeeld seksuele relaties etc. De invloed van peers is belangrijk, maar ouders hebben
wel indirecte invloed op met wie de kinderen omhangen. Of ze dus met de ‘goede’ peers
omhangen. Maar adolescenten hebben ook meer vrijheid om te kiezen wie hun vrienden zijn.


Peer relationships 3 levels
 Friendship (valued mutual relationship, dyadic)  waardevolle relatie, het is over hoe
1 zich voelt over de andere en andersom.
 Cliques (small group of friends)  meer een groepje, bijvoorbeeld 5/12 mensen.
 Crowds (larger reputation based groups)  een grotere groep mensen, gebaseerd
op reputatie. In een crowd kunnen verschillende cliques zitten.

Functions of friendship: some examples
 Maintaining/strengthening self-worth  het geeft adolescenten de kans te
experimenten met sociale rollen, kijken welke groep ze in passen. Adolescenten gaan
bijv. allemaal dezelfde kleding dragen, zelfde ‘signature’.
 Experimenting with social roles

, SEO HC 5


 Learning social skills, such as information management (sharing private information)
 bijvoorbeeld hoeveel informatie deel ik met iedereen, alleen de belangrijke
informatie bij hele goede vrienden.

Friends: support and nurturance
 Informational support
o “What should I do? Should I ask Jimi to go out with me?”
 Instrumental support
o “Thanks for helping me with my math homework”
 Companionship support
o “Let’s go to the game together – that way we can sit together. I don’t know
anyone at Riverdale High.”
 Esteem support
o “Don’t worry about it, you’re the best guitar player here. You’ll win the
songwriting contest next time.”

Changes in friendship quality
 Late adolescents describe 4 main types of friendships:
o Friendly (shared activities)  je deelt niet echt gevoelens of affectie
o Intimate (affection, sharing feelings)
o Integrated (friendly + intimate)  activiteiten en gevoelens
o Uninvolved (neither)  je hebt ze wel als vrienden, je weet dat het vrienden
zijn, je ziet ze niet zo vaak, en als je ze dan weer ziet, is het niet echt gelijk
weer zoals vroeger). Dat is meer intimate.
 Increase in the importance of intimacy
 Higher levels of self-disclosure
 Emphasis on trust, loyalty
 How can we explain this increase in intimacy?
o Waarom?  push voor intieme partner (biologisch), minder directe invloed
van ouders (meer op ander gebied, qua carrière). Er zijn sociaal cognitieve
capaciteiten die nu ontwikkeld zijn, bijvoorbeeld dat je nu meer empathie kan
hebben. Dus cognitieve maturatie.

How do adolescents choose their friends?
 Similar in:
o Media and leisure preferences
o School performance
o Academic orientation
o Risk behaviors
o Ethnicity
 Increase in ethnic friendship segregation in adolescence
o Waarom? We denken mogelijk dat het veiliger is, omdat je meer gelijk bent, in
elk geval qua uiterlijk. Omdat je dus denkt dat er overeenkomsten zijn, ga je
eerder naar die mensen toe. Dit hoeft natuurlijk niet waar te zijn, dat er echt
meer overeenkomsten zijn.

Friends and psychosocial well-being
 Positive influences
o Friendships provide different types of support
o Help identity formation
o Supportive friendships linked to
 Higher self-esteem
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