Chapter 12: Ex Post Facto Research exam with 100% correct answers already graded A+

active independent variable independent variable created through active manipulation in the course of an experiment. characteristic of experimental research attribute independent variable independent variable on which subjects differ before a study begins. cannot be manipulated in a study. characteristic of ex post facto research causal relationship relationship between cause and effect common cause variable that influences bot the independent variable and the dependent variable ex post facto research research that attempts to determine the causes for, or the consequences of, differences that already exist in groups of individuals extraneous variables uncontrolled variable that may affect the dependent variable of a study; its effect may be mistakenly attributed to the independent variable of the study homogeneous group set of subjects who are the same or similar on a relevant variable partial control some but not complete control over relevant extraneous variables post hoc fallacy mistakenly attributing causation based on a relationship between two variables proactive ex post facto research design in which subjects are grouped on the basis of the independent variable and then compared on measures of a dependent variable retroactive ex post facto research research seeking possible antecedent causes for a preexisting dependent variable reverse causality alternative hypothesis stating that the supposed dependent variable is in actuality the independent variable. spurious relationship apparent relationship between two variables that is not genuine but due to an extraneous variable influencing both.