AQA A LEVEL BIOLOGY PAPER 2
air spaces between them = rapid diffusion, long and narrow and are packed with chloroplast the
thin tissue of the leaf allows light to reach mesophyll - ANSName three advantages of mesophyll
in the leaf
stroma in the fluid filled matrix - ANSwhere does the LIR occur?
100 stacked discs of thylakoids - ANSwhat is the grana?
chlorophyll absorbs light energy, excite electrons, move along carriers etc releasing energy,
used to join ADP and pi to form ATP, photolysis of water produces protons electrons oxygen,
NADP reduced by electrons - ANSdescribe the light dependent reaction starting with Photolysis
electron is oxidised that reduces NADP, carries out series of redox reactions along the electron
transport chain that is then accepted by oxygen that is the terminal electron receptor which
oxidises NADPH back to NADP - ANSdescribe the electron transport chain
contain both DNA and RNA so proteins can be manufactured quickly, thylakoid membrane has a
large SA for rapid DF and a network of proteins in the Grana to maximise the absorbance of
light - ANSname three advantages of the structure of a chloraplast
CO2 combines 5 carbon ribulose-bi-phosphate to make 6 carbon molecule that is then
catalysed by rubisco to create two 3 phosphate glycerate molecules that are then reduced via
NADP and energy from ATP from LDR to triose phosphate that will eventually turn into glucose,
NADP reformed and goes back to LDR - ANSdescribe the process of the LIR
phosphorylated glucose is broken down in two 3 carbon molecules called pyruvate (happens in
the matrix mitochondria - ANSwhat is glycolysis and where does it happen?
pyruvate is decarboxylated and dehydrogenated to acetate NAD is reduced - ANSwhat happens
in the link reaction after Glycolysis?
acetyl coenzyme A combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate which is decarboxylated and
dehydrogenated to form 5 carbon molecule which is then dehydrogenated and decarboxylated
to form 4 carbon ATP made by substrate-level phosphorylation and FAD is reduced, oxalacetate
is then regenerated to restart the cycle - ANSwhat happens in the Krebs Cycle after the link
reaction?
H+ from oxidized reduced NAD and FAD, splits into p and e travels down electron transport
chain via oxidation-reduction reactions losing energy each carrier used pump p from matrix into
intermembrane space creating high concentration forming electrochemical gradient move down
, into matrix by ATP synthase drives synthesis ATP chemiosmosis, Matriz end transport chain
p,e, and o combine form water. o final electron acceptor. - ANSwhat is oxidative
phosphorylation?
hydrolysed to glycerol that is phosphorylated into into triose phosphate that becomes glucose
and thus glycolysis can occur - ANShow does the respiration of lipids occur?
where no oxygen is available to accept the H+ ion and so reduced NAD builds up and cannot
take anymore H+ from Glyolysis thus pyruvate is now reduced and produces lactate and
oxdidised NAD and produces ethanol in plants - ANSwhat is anaerobic respiration?
the dry weight of the total mass of living material in a specific area at a given time - ANSwhat is
biomass?
gross primary production - respiratory losses = the chemical energy left - ANSwhat is the
calculation for net primary production? and what is it?
total chemical plant biomass - ANSwhat is gross primary production?
net production = chemical energy of ingested plants - (energy lost in faeces + energy lost in
respiration) - ANSwhat is the calculation for net production?
nitrogen from atmosphere is fixed by nitrogen-fixing bacteria to ammonium ions via
ammonification, also nitrogen from atmosphere is fixed by mutualistic bacteria to ammonium
containing compounds, then fed on by saprobionts that causes ammonification, ammonium ions
that undergo nitrification by nitrifying bacteria twice into nitrite and nitrate ions that are then
absorbed by producers or lost to the atmosphere - ANSdescribe the nitrogen cycle
phosphates from rocks are eroded into oceans and running water that is absorbed by plants and
excreted into the soil via death that then taken up by water to form new rocks - ANSdescribe the
phosphorus cycle
algae build up on surface of water due to nitrogen from water that limits light to lower level
plants that can no longer photosynthesise and die that are fed on by saprobiants that multiply
and take up oxygen in the water so that O2 becomes the limiting factor and larger organsims die
as a result that are also fed on by saprobiants that release toxins into the water - ANSwhat is
eutrophication?
natural = dead decomposing plants and artificial = mined from rocks t provides nutrients to plant
- ANSwhat is an example of a natural and artificial fertiliser?
the change of speed of direction in response to a stimulus - ANSwhat is kinesis?
air spaces between them = rapid diffusion, long and narrow and are packed with chloroplast the
thin tissue of the leaf allows light to reach mesophyll - ANSName three advantages of mesophyll
in the leaf
stroma in the fluid filled matrix - ANSwhere does the LIR occur?
100 stacked discs of thylakoids - ANSwhat is the grana?
chlorophyll absorbs light energy, excite electrons, move along carriers etc releasing energy,
used to join ADP and pi to form ATP, photolysis of water produces protons electrons oxygen,
NADP reduced by electrons - ANSdescribe the light dependent reaction starting with Photolysis
electron is oxidised that reduces NADP, carries out series of redox reactions along the electron
transport chain that is then accepted by oxygen that is the terminal electron receptor which
oxidises NADPH back to NADP - ANSdescribe the electron transport chain
contain both DNA and RNA so proteins can be manufactured quickly, thylakoid membrane has a
large SA for rapid DF and a network of proteins in the Grana to maximise the absorbance of
light - ANSname three advantages of the structure of a chloraplast
CO2 combines 5 carbon ribulose-bi-phosphate to make 6 carbon molecule that is then
catalysed by rubisco to create two 3 phosphate glycerate molecules that are then reduced via
NADP and energy from ATP from LDR to triose phosphate that will eventually turn into glucose,
NADP reformed and goes back to LDR - ANSdescribe the process of the LIR
phosphorylated glucose is broken down in two 3 carbon molecules called pyruvate (happens in
the matrix mitochondria - ANSwhat is glycolysis and where does it happen?
pyruvate is decarboxylated and dehydrogenated to acetate NAD is reduced - ANSwhat happens
in the link reaction after Glycolysis?
acetyl coenzyme A combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate which is decarboxylated and
dehydrogenated to form 5 carbon molecule which is then dehydrogenated and decarboxylated
to form 4 carbon ATP made by substrate-level phosphorylation and FAD is reduced, oxalacetate
is then regenerated to restart the cycle - ANSwhat happens in the Krebs Cycle after the link
reaction?
H+ from oxidized reduced NAD and FAD, splits into p and e travels down electron transport
chain via oxidation-reduction reactions losing energy each carrier used pump p from matrix into
intermembrane space creating high concentration forming electrochemical gradient move down
, into matrix by ATP synthase drives synthesis ATP chemiosmosis, Matriz end transport chain
p,e, and o combine form water. o final electron acceptor. - ANSwhat is oxidative
phosphorylation?
hydrolysed to glycerol that is phosphorylated into into triose phosphate that becomes glucose
and thus glycolysis can occur - ANShow does the respiration of lipids occur?
where no oxygen is available to accept the H+ ion and so reduced NAD builds up and cannot
take anymore H+ from Glyolysis thus pyruvate is now reduced and produces lactate and
oxdidised NAD and produces ethanol in plants - ANSwhat is anaerobic respiration?
the dry weight of the total mass of living material in a specific area at a given time - ANSwhat is
biomass?
gross primary production - respiratory losses = the chemical energy left - ANSwhat is the
calculation for net primary production? and what is it?
total chemical plant biomass - ANSwhat is gross primary production?
net production = chemical energy of ingested plants - (energy lost in faeces + energy lost in
respiration) - ANSwhat is the calculation for net production?
nitrogen from atmosphere is fixed by nitrogen-fixing bacteria to ammonium ions via
ammonification, also nitrogen from atmosphere is fixed by mutualistic bacteria to ammonium
containing compounds, then fed on by saprobionts that causes ammonification, ammonium ions
that undergo nitrification by nitrifying bacteria twice into nitrite and nitrate ions that are then
absorbed by producers or lost to the atmosphere - ANSdescribe the nitrogen cycle
phosphates from rocks are eroded into oceans and running water that is absorbed by plants and
excreted into the soil via death that then taken up by water to form new rocks - ANSdescribe the
phosphorus cycle
algae build up on surface of water due to nitrogen from water that limits light to lower level
plants that can no longer photosynthesise and die that are fed on by saprobiants that multiply
and take up oxygen in the water so that O2 becomes the limiting factor and larger organsims die
as a result that are also fed on by saprobiants that release toxins into the water - ANSwhat is
eutrophication?
natural = dead decomposing plants and artificial = mined from rocks t provides nutrients to plant
- ANSwhat is an example of a natural and artificial fertiliser?
the change of speed of direction in response to a stimulus - ANSwhat is kinesis?
