Anatomy and Physiology Unity of Form and Function 10th Ed. Ch. 2 Exam With Complete Solutions

Anatomy and Physiology Unity of Form and Function 10th Ed. Ch. 2 Exam With Complete Solutions Chemical Element - answerFundamental materials of which matter is composed. 6 most abundant Elements in the human body - answerOCHNCP Oxygen Carbon Hyrdrogen Nitrogen Calcium Phosphorus Structure of an Atom/Functional relevance of valence electrons - answerAt the center of an atom is a nucleus which contains Protons (+) and Neutrons (no charge). Outside of the nucleus are Electrons (-). Electrons of the outermost shell, called valence electrons, determine the chemical bonding properties of an atom. How isotopes of the same element differ from each other How radioisotopes differe from other isotopes - answerElements have varieties called isotopes, which .differ from one another only in number of neutrons and therefore in atomic mass. Protons are the same and that is the atomic number. Radioisotopes are unstable isotopes that has an unstable nucleus. It will break down giving off radiation until it becomes stable. When the nucleus rearranges itself to become stable it is called radioactive decay. Unstable isotope - too many neutrons Ionizing Radiation - answerHigh-energy radiation, such as that emitted by radioisotopes, ejects electrons from other atoms, converting atoms to ions; thus, it is called ionizing radiation. 3 Forms: Alpha Radiation. Alpha radiation is a heavy, very short-range particle and is actually an ejected helium nucleus. ... Beta Radiation. Beta radiation is a light, short-range particle and is actually an ejected electron. ... Gamma and X Radiation. Difference between physical and biological half life - answerPhysical - time for 50% of atoms to decay to a more stable isotope Biological - The biological half-life of a radioisotope is the time required for half of it to disappear from the body. Some is lost by radioactive decay and even more by excretion from the body. Relevance an element may have a quicker biological half life. leaving the body before the physical half life. The differnece between an atom and an ion How ions form Two types of ions and examples - answerAn atom has no electrical charge. Ions have an electrical charge because they have an imbalance of protons and electrons. an element must gain or lose an electron to become an ion Anion - particle that gains an electron and becomes negatively charged Cation - particle that gives up an electron and becoes positively charged Electrolyte vs. atom vs. ion Most common ions that make up electrolytes Function and medical relevance of electrolytes - answerIons are charged particles with unequal numbers of protons and electrons. An ion can consist of a single atom with a positive or negative charge (such as Na+ or Cl−); a group of atoms such as phosphate (PO43-) and bicarbonate (HCO3−) ions; or a molecule as large as a protein with many charges on it. Electrolytes are substances that ionize in water (acids, bases, or salts) and form solutions capable of conducting electricity They produce ions. Atom is basic unit of a chemical element Free RAdical - answerFree radicals are unstable, highly reactive chemical particles with an odd number of electrons. Molecule- Compound- - answerMolecules are chemical particles composed of two or more atoms united by a chemical bond. Compounds - Molecules composed of two or more elements How isomers resemble and differ from each other. - answerMolecules with identical molecular formulae but different arrangements of their atoms Molecular Weight - answermolecular weight (MW) of a compound is the sum of the atomic weights of its atoms. Rounding to whole numbers, we can calculate the approximate MW Look at the periodic table and find out the atomic weight of each atom. Mulitply the weight by the number of each atom and then add together. H20 is Hydrogen - 1, Oxygen - 16. 1+1+16= 18 atomic weight of water Ionic Bonds - answerAn ionic bond is the attraction of anion to cation. One atom gives up electrons and the other takes it/them. Metaphor: sharing where you just give your toy to someone else and never get it back. One atom is the bully. NACL - table salt- every atom of sodium gives up an electron to every atom of chloride Bonds are only formed in the outer most orbit Covalent Bond - answerCovalent bonds form by the sharing of electrons. Each atom is attracted to the shared electron between the two atoms...called a covalent bond