CSMLS Chemistry Latest Update Graded A+

CSMLS Chemistry Latest Update Graded A+ Chilled Samples ACTH, lactic acid, ammonia, blood gases, acetone, gastrin, glucagon, pyruvate, renin Protect samples from light bili, carotene, erythrocyte protoporphyrin, vitamin A, vitamin B12 Warm Samples Cold agglutinins, cryoglobulins Fasting samples Fasting blood sugar, triglycerides, lipid panel, gastrin, insulin Formalin pigment Aka acid formalin hematin. Brown, granrular, doubly refractile deposit Remove with picric acid after 100% alcohol in rehydration step. Tissue will be yellow. Remove yellow discolouration with RTW (30min), acid alcohol + wash in RTW, prolonged alcohol wash and lithium carbonate in 70% alcohol Mercury Pigment Dark brown to black crystals. Remove during dehydration: 20mL of strong alcoholic iodine From sections: bring to water, place in 0.5% alcoholic iodine or gram's iodine, rinse with water, place into sodium thiosulphate until brown discolouration gone. Hematoxylin Not a true dye. Must be oxidized to hematein (ripened by exposure to atmospheric oxygen, sodium iodate, mercuric oxide, potassium permanganate) Hematein Weak, anionic dye. Oxidation product of hematoxylin, active coloring agent Little affinity for tissue, but becomes strong dye when combined with metallic mordant (alum salts, iron salts) Hematoxylin Differentiation Uses 1% HCL in 70% ethanol (acid alcohol). H+ ions compete with mordant for tissue groups. Alumnium-hematein is red and soluble pH <5. Blue insoluble lake in pH>5 Cytoplasm and connective tissue will be colorless. Nuclei will be RED with sharp nuclear detail. - MUST use BLUEING Agent (alkali reagent) to reverse discolouration (Scott's TW) Decolorization Removal of excess stain macroscopically Differentiation Controlled removal of excess stain microscopically Eosin Cytoplasmic stain. - pH 7 = negatively charged - pH <6 can stain proteins - pH< 4= decreased negative charges because molecule converts to free acid, muddy tissues RBC = dark pink, Muscles = pink, collagen = light pink Casts fibrous or protein materials found in the urine with renal disease or another abnormality - Formed in the lumen of the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct - Major constituent = uromodulin ( tamm horsfall protein) - Factors that influence cast formation: decreased pH, decreased output, Increased solute concentration (SG), increased protein Renal tubular cell casts Most significant, round, eccentric nucleus, larger than WBC. - Tubular necrosis, renal tubules transitional epithelial cast Round/pear shape, central nucleus - Renal carcinoma, renal pelvis, bladder, upper urethra