AQA A Level History Tudors- Henry VIII Rated A+

AQA A Level History Tudors- Henry VIII Rated A+ Government Structure under Wolsey ️- Privy Chamber: before 1519, only area not under Wolsey's command but in 1519 Wolsey secured the removal of the minions and placed his supporters there. - Court of the Chancery: led by Wolsey but too popular and become slow due to too many cases. - Court of Star Chamber: established in 1487 but in 1516 Wolsey extended its use to create cheap and fair justice, with overflow tribunals set up due to popularity. Key Changes ️- £300,00 inherited from Henry VII quickly disappeared due to French wars. - 1510: Court Learned abolished; execution of Empson and Dudley greeted by rejoicing in the streets. - 1512 embarrassing invasion of France followed by slightly more successful invasion in 1513 in which Therouanne and Tournai were captured, but it still was not very impressive. 1513 invasion by Scotland fought off by Catherine of Aragon, who sent James IV's bloody cloak to her husband in France. 10000 Scots were killed. How did Wolsey rise to power so quickly? ️- New atmosphere at Court encouraged ambitious men to get themselves noticed. - Used the support of Fox to get a promotion to the office of Royal Almonry - Organisational skills allowed Wolsey to guess what Henry wanted and progress further - Entrusted with 1513 invasion of France- organised transport, supplies and equipment for 30,000 strong army. Henry impressed with Wolsey's efficiency and by 1514 was delegating all major business to him. Timeline of Wolsey's rise to high office in Church and State ️1513: Dean of York and Bishop of Tournai 1514: Bishop of Lincoln and Archbishop of York 1515: Cardinal and Lord Chancellor 1518: Papal Legate 1524: Legatus a latere Wolsey's personality ️- Proud and ostentatious - Household of over 500 servants and traveled with a large escort of richly dressed attendants bearing his emblems. - Exploited Henry's paranoia to cause Buckingham's execution in 1521. - Vengeful and petty: demanded Sir Paulet's daily attendance at the Court of Chancery for 5 years as revenge for Paulet embarrassing Wolsey when he was younger. Wolsey's legal reforms ️- Use of Star Chamber decreased power of nobles as it encouraged commoners to bring forward complaints. Up to 120 cases a years. - Championed laws against enclosure. - Designed only to increase his own power and undermines opponents; reforms allowed to lapse and were superficial. Wolsey's economic reforms ️- 1517 national inquiry into effect of enclosures but had to stop in 1518 due to opposition from nobles in government. - Recoinage increased exports but prices also increased as coins were seen as worthless. - 1528 riots in South East, East Anglia and South West due to increased prices. - Trade embargo against Spain badly affected cloth trade as Spain controlled part of the Netherlands- occurred at the same time as the 1527 bad harvest. Wolsey's church reforms ️- Strongly opposed Protestant heresy; was seen in May 1521 outside St Paul with 'Henry's' book defending Catholicism. - Groups suspected of Protestantism arrested but no executions until 1530s, after Wolsey's fall. - With Papal Legate powers, went after corrupt institutions and closed down 24 religious houses. - 1528 plans to lose monasteries with less than 6 inhabitants. - Accused of Absenteeism and Plurality, and had a mistress. Wolsey's financial reforms ️- 1521 1st national survey since 1086; the crown gained about £200,000 in forced loans, which wasn't that much with high inflation. - 1523 proposed subsidy did not raise as much as hoped. - 1525 Amicable Grant provoked the only significant rebellion in the first half of Henry's reign; the Grant had to be suspended, much to Henry's embarrassment. First French War () ️- Limited success - 1512 expedition was a disaster, proving Henry's naivety in international diplomacy as he was double