Pathophysiology Exam 2 + Answers [100% VERIFIED]

Pathophysiology Exam 2 + Answers [100% VERIFIED] first line of defense *Ans* non-specific, does not discriminate between types of pathogens/injuries so can protect us from anything harmful, mechanical barrier --> unbroken skin, mucous membranes + secretions second line of defense *Ans* non-specific, includes internal factors, phagocytosis, inflammation, interferon third line of defense *Ans* specific, production of specific antibodies in response to a specific disease inflammation *Ans* non-specific body's response to any type of tissue injury, normal protective mechanism causes of inflammation *Ans* -direct physical damage --> cuts, sprains -caustic chemicals --> acid, drain cleaner -ischemia or infarction --> decreased blood flow can result in necrosis or interrupted blood flow -allergic reactions -extremes heat or cold -foreign bodies --> splinter, glass -infection steps of inflammation *Ans* - release of bradykinin from injured cells - activation of pain receptors by bradykin - mast cells and basophils release histamine - capillary dilation by bradykin + histamine - increased blood flow and capillary permeability - bacteria may enter the tissue - neutrophil and monocytes come to injury site - neutrophils phagocytize bacteria - macrophages leave bloodstream for phagocytosis of microbes vascular phase of acute inflammation *Ans* -brief vasoconstriction + clotting - vasodilation - increased vascular permeability - leakage of exudate normal capillary exchange *Ans* 1. blood flow 2. normal fluid shift 3. cells remain in blood inflammatory capillary exchange *Ans* 1. injury 2. cells release chemical mediators 3. vasodilation --> increased blood flow 4. increased capillary permeability 5. leukocytes move to site of injury 6. phagocytosis --> removal of debris in preparation for healing chemical mediators *Ans* functions: -affect blood vessels + nerves in the damaged area -drive vascular + cellular phases of inflammation vasodilation --> vascular phase hyperemia --> increased blood flow due to vasodilation increase in capillary permeability chemotaxis to attract cells of the immune syste