Test Bank Neuroscience Exploring the Brain 4th Edition by Bear 2024

adenylyl cyclase - ANSWER An that catalyzes the enzyme conversion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), a second messenger. adrenal cortex - ANSWER The outer segment of the adrenal gland; releases cortisol when stimulated by the pituitary adrenocorticotropic hormone. adrenal medulla - ANSWER The inner segment of the adrenal gland, innervated by preganglionic sympathetic fibers; releases epinephrine. adrenaline - ANSWER A catecholamine neurotransmit- ter synthesized from norepinephrine; also called epinephrine. adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) - ANSWER A hor- mone released by the anterior pituitary in to corticotropin-releasing hormone; stimulates the response release of cortisol from the adrenal gland. affective aggression - ANSWER A threatening or defensive form of aggression accompanied by vocalizations and a high level of ANS activity. affective disorder - ANSWER A psychiatric condition charac- terized by disordered emotions; also called mood disorder. Examples are major depression and bipolar disorder. affective neuroscience - ANSWER The study of the neural basis of mood and emotion. afferent - ANSWER An axon coursing toward and innervating a given structure. See also efferent. after-hyperpolarization - ANSWER The hyperpolarization that follows strong depolarization of the membrane; the last part of an action potential, also called undershoot. agnosia - ANSWER The inability to recognize objects, even though simple sensory skills appear to be normal; most commonly caused by damage to posterior parietal areas of the brain. agoraphobia - ANSWER A mental disorder characterized by severe anxiety about being in situations in which escape might be difficult or embarrassing. alpha motor neuron - ANSWER A neuron that innervates the extrafusal fibers of skeletal muscle. amacrine cell - ANSWER A neuron in the retina of the eye that projects neurites laterally in the inner plexiform layer. amino acid - ANSWER A chemical building block of protein molecules, containing a central carbon atom, an amino group, a carboxyl group, and a variable R group. Ammon's horn - ANSWER A layer of neurons in the hippocam- pus that sends axons into the fornix.