General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 10e Spencer Seager, Michael Slabaugh

Chapter 1: Matter, Measurements, and Calculations CHAPTER OUTLINE 1.1 What is Matter? 1.5 Measurement Units 1.9 Using Units in Calculations 1.2 Properties and Changes 1.6 The Metric System 1.10 Calculating Percentages 1.3 A Model of Matter 1.7 Large and Small Numbers 1.11 Density 1.4 Classifying Matter 1.8 Significant Figures LEARNING OBJECTIVES/ASSESSMENT When you have completed your study of this chapter, you should be able to: 1. Explain what matter is. (Section 1.1; Exercise 1.2) 2. Explain differences between the terms physical and chemical as applied to: a. Properties of matter (Section 1.2; Exercises 1.10 b & c) b. Changes in matter (Section 1.2; Exercises 1.8 a & b) 3. Describe matter in terms of the accepted scientific model. (Section 1.3; Exercise 1.12) 4. On the basis of observation or information given to you, classify matter into the correct category of each of the following pairs: a. Heterogeneous or homogeneous (Section 1.4; Exercise 1.22) b. Solution or pure substance (Section 1.4; Exercise 1.24) c. Element or compound (Section 1.4; Exercise 1.18) 5. Recognize the use of measurement units in everyday activities. (Section 1.5; Exercise 1.28) 6. Recognize units of the metric system, and convert measurements done using the metric system into related units. (Section 1.6; Exercises 1.30 and 1.40) 7. Express numbers using scientific notation and do calculations with numbers expressed in scientific notation. (Section 1.7; Exercises 1.48 and 1.60) 8. Express the results of measurements and calculations using the correct number of significant figures. (Section 1.8; Exercises 1.64 and 1.66) 9. Use the factor-unit method to solve numerical problems. (Section 1.9; Exercise 1.82) 10. Do calculations involving percentages. (Section 1.10; Exercise 1.92) 11. Do calculations involving densities. (Section 1.11; Exercise 1.98) LECTURE HINTS AND SUGGESTIONS 1. When describing chemistry as the “central science,” explain how everything around us is somehow related to chemistry. Look around the classroom and point out things which are a result of the study of chemistry; such as the plastic materials which make up part of the furniture, the paint on the walls, the clothing that we have on, the paper that we write on, the ink that we write with, and even the reactions which take place in our bodies which keep us alive. 2. Stress that a pure substance contains only one kind of basic building block or one kind of constituent particle. Every constituent particle in a pure substance is the same. If there are two or more kinds of constituent particles present, it is a mixture. Sugar has sugar molecules; water has water molecules; and sugar water has both sugar molecules and water molecules. 3. Emphasize that an important characteristic of a pure substance is a constant composition. Give some simple examples, such as water or salt, which when free of other substances, alway