NURS 231 PATHOPHYS FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS

NURS 231 PATHOPHYS FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS A bodybuilder's muscles will display hyperplasia. - answerFalse Barrett esophagus is an example of dysplasia - answerfalse hypertrophy is an increase in the size of an organ or tissue caused by an increase in the number of cells - answerTrue Lack of nerve stimulation can cause cells to atrophy - answerTrue proportion of people with a disease who are positive for the disease - answersensitivity how likely the same result will occur if repeated - answerreliability how a tool measures what it is intended to measure - answervalidity people without the disease who are negative on a given test - answerspecificity Which is NOT true of the cytoskeleton? - answerit includes peroxisomes and proteasomes Which of the following are true of the cell? Select all that apply. - answer1: Proteins carry out the functions of the cell membrane 2:Lysosomes are the digestive system of the cell 3:Microfilaments are thin, threadlike cytoplasmic structures Which are true of the cell membrane? Select all that apply. - answer1: Controls the transport of materials from the outside fluids to within 2:Helps with the conduction of electrical currents in nerve and muscle cells 3: Aids in the regulation of cell growth and proliferation Which are false of the mitochondria? Select all that apply. - answer1: They are found far from the site of energy consumption. 2:They control free radicals. High blood pressure is an example of which of the following? - answerpathophysiology A patient complains of chest pain and an elevated blood pressure. What are these examples of? - answersigns and symptoms Which of the following is true of a test's sensitivity? - answerIf negative, it can safely be assumed that the person does not have a disease Chemical agents (poison, alcohol) are examples of which of the following? - answerEtiologic factors Define tertiary prevention and give an example: - answerTertiary prevention occurs after a disease has been diagnosed and clinical intervention is needed to reduce complications or deterioration. One example is the use of certain medications one must take after a heart attack to help reduce the risk of a future event or death. Compare and contrast the two types of gangrenous necrosis. - answerIn dry gangrene the affected tissue becomes dry and shrinks, the skin wrinkles, and its color changes to dark brown or black. The spread of dry gangrene is slow. It results from a cut off in arterial blood supply and is a form of coagulation necrosis. In wet gangrene, the affected area is cold, swollen, and pulseless. The skin is moist, black, and under tension. Blebs form on the surface, liquefaction occurs, and a foul odor is caused by bacterial action. The spread of tissue damage is rapid. Explain what necrosis is and give an example and description of one type of necrosis. - answernecrosis is cell death to an organ or tissue with still being apart of a living person. An example of this would be luiquefactive necrosis. this is when the cells die and the catalytic enzymes do not get destroyed after the cells death. This could cause necrosis sunburn - answerradiation injury obesity - answernutritional imbalances reactive oxygen species - answerfree radical injury low oxygen to tissues - answerhypoxic cell injury fractures - answerphysical agents OTC drugs - answerChemical injury hypothermia - answerphysical agents radiation treatment - answerradiation injury lead toxicity - answerchemical injury bacteria - answerbiologic agents List the 4 types of tissue found in the body. Pick 2 and give a description and example of each. - answerEpithelial tissue- covers the body's outer surface, it is avascular and gets its o2 from the capillaries found in the neighboring connective tissues, and example of this is simple squamous tissue which means one layer of thin cells. Muscular tissue Nervous tissue- is found all throughout the body, helps with communication between tissues and the central nervous system. it aids in the functions of the body due to internal and external stimuli, helps with movement, and electrical signaling. neurons are an example of this, they aid in communicating to other cells in the body, they are held and supported by glial cells. Connective tissue What term means "cell eating" and engulfs and then kills microorganisms or other particulate matter? - answerPhagocytosis What is the term to describe when cells use energy to move ions against an electrical or chemical gradient? - answerActive transport Give one function of a membrane potential: - answerGenerate nerve impulse, muscle contractions, or cause hormone secretion What is the term that best describes the following process? A transport protein aiding a lipid insoluble or large molecule across the cell membrane that would otherwise not be able to pass through on its own. - answerfacilitated diffusion Blood tests for tumor markers can make a diagnosis of cancer. Why or why not? - answerFalse, only tissue can diagnose. Tumor markers are helpful to assess response to therapy or reoccurrence. Tissue biopsy is of critical importance in what role? - answerDiagnosing the correct cancer and histology. Explain the TNM system: - answerT is the size and local spread of the primary tumor. N is the involvement of the regional lymph nodes. M is the extent of the metastatic involvement. List two signs or symptoms a patient may present with that might indicate a cancer diagnosis: - answerfatigue, anemia What are two systemic manifestations of cancer exhibited by cancer patients? - answerWeight loss, wasting of body fat and muscle tissue, weakness, anorexia, and anemia, fatigue, sleep disturbances When would surgery be appropriate in the treatment of cancer? - answerif it is a solid tumor and has clear margins