BIOL 235 final Exam Questions With 100% Correct Answers

BIOL 235 final Exam Questions With 100% Correct Answers Erythrocytes contain the enzyme - answercarbonic anhydrase carbonic anhydrase catalyzes - answerthe conversion of metabolically produced C)2 and water into carbonic acid fixed phagocytic macrophages - answerremove most old erythrocytes from circulation Location of fixed phagocytic macrophages - answernarrow capillaries of the spleen Undifferentiated cells called pluripotent stem cells reside - answerin the bone marrow pluripotent stem cells - answercontinuously divide and develop myeloid stem cells and lymphoid stem cells to give rise to each of the types of blood cells emigration or diapedesis - answerThe process of leukocytes squeezing through the capillary endothelium to exit the vasculature agglutinins - answergenetically-determined glycoprotein and glycolipid antigens found on the surface of an erythrocyte ESV - answervolume of blood in the ventricle after ejection has been completed Increase in ESV when - answerstroke volume is decreased Three cations with important effect on heart function - answerK+, Ca2+, and Na+ Increased blood levels of NA+ - answerblocks Ca2+ inflow and decreases force of contraction Excess in K+ - answerblocks generation of action potentials pharynx - answerserves as a sound resonating chamber, contains tonsils, directs air flow inferiorly larynx - answerpasses air form pharynx into windpipe, site of sound production paranasal sinuses - answerresonates sound, not part of the pharynx fauces - answeropening from oral cavity into pharynx tertiary bronchus - answercarries air to a segment of a lung terminal bronchiole - answercarries air directly into a respiratory bronchiole pleural membranes - answersurround the lungs surfactant - answerreduces surface tension at sites of gas exchange alveoli - answeractual sites of gas exchange eupnea - answernormal, quiet breathing costal breathing - answershallow breathing using just the external intercostal muscles compliance - answeramount of effort required to expand the lungs and chest wall inspiratory capacity - answertidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume, usually about 3600 mL in males vital capacity - answertidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume; usually about 4800 mL in males functional residual capacity - answerresidual volume + expiratory reserve volume; usually about 2400 mL in males Henry's law - answerstates that the amount of gas that will dissolve in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of that gas and its solubility Bohr effect - answerwhen pH decreases, O2 saturation of hemoglobin decreases Dalton's law - answereach gas in a mixture of gases exerts its own partial pressure medulla oblongata - answersets basic rhythm of breathing pons - answerincludes the pontine respiratory group Blood is - answera connective tissue that consists of blood plasma (liquid) plus formed elements (red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets) Whole blood - answerblood plasma and formed elements Blood plasma - answerproteins, water, other solutes Blood plasma proteins - answeralbumins (54%), globulins (36%), fibrinogens (7%) Formed elements - answerred blood cells, white blood cells, platelets Blood cell production - answerhemopoesis, mainly occurs in red bone marrow after birth Reticulocyte - answerfrom proerythrocyte, ejects nucleus Average lifespan of an erythrocyte - answer120 days Rate of RBC formation by red blood cells - answerequals the rate of RBC destruction by macrophages Emigration or diapedesis is - answerthe process by which phagocytic cells leave blood vessels WBCs use to destroy pathogens - answerlysozyme, defensins, and certain anions Neutrophils - answerare usually the first and most numerous responders to an infection Macrophages - answerreact more slowly to an infection than neutrophils do Pluripotent stem cells are derived from - answermesenchyme Megakaryoblasts - answerplatelet precursor cells, develop into megakaryocytes Platelet - answerfragment of megakaryocyte that is enclosed by a piece of plasma membrane Platelet plug - answercan stop blood loss completely if the hole in a blood vessel is small enough Hemostasis - answersequence of responses that stops bleeding, vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, blood clotting Blood clot - answergel that contains formed elements of the blood entangled in fibrin threads In blood clotting - answercoagulation factors are activated in sequence, resulting in a cascade of reactions that includes positive feedback cycles Extrinsic pathway of blood clotting - answerfewer steps, thromboplastic leaks into the blood from cells outside (extrinsic to) blood vessels and initiates the formation of prothrombinase Intrinsic pathway of blood clotting - answermore complex, occurs more slowly, activators are in direct contact with blood or contained within (intrinsic to) the blood. Outside tissue damage is not needed. clotting pathway - answerProthrombinase - prothrombin - thrombin - soluble fibrinogen - insoluble fibrin - threads of clot Common pathway - answerformation of prothrombinase marks the beginning of the____ In an incompatible blood transfusion - answerantibodies in the recipient's plasma bind to the antigens on the donated RBCs which causes agglutination (clumping) Antibodies in your plasma don't react with - answerantigens on your red blood cells