MSN 6200 Final Study Guide
SOLUTIONS GRADE A+ GUARANTEED
Cell Membrane or Plasma Membrane (FUNCTION)
cells are surrounded by phospholipid bilayer that contains embedded
proteins, carbs, and lipids. Membrane proteins act as receptors
sensitive to external stimuli and channels that regulate movement of
substances into and out of cell.
Golgi apparatus (FUNCTION)
Series of membrane sacs that process and package proteins after they
leave the rough ER
Contains digestive enzymes that break up protein, lipids, nucleic
acids. They also remove and recycle waste products
Cytoplasm
gel-like substance inside the cells. contains cell organelles,
proteins, electrolytes, and other molecules.
nucleus
contains the DNA in the cell. molecules of DNA provide coded
instructions used for protein synthesis
mitochondria
organelles produce most of energy ATP used by cells
rough ER
series of membrane sacks that contain ribosomes that build and
process proteins
smooth ER
region of ER involved in liid synthesis. do NOT have ribosomes, NOT
involved in protein synthesis
smooth ER
region of ER involved in lipid synthesis. do NOT have ribosomes, NOT
involved in protein synthesis
cholesterol
in between phosphoglycerides, enhances mechanical stability and
regulates membrane fluidity
integral proteins
part of transport system allowing specific water soluble substances
to pass through membrane. attached to membrane through hydrophobic
interactions (embedded in membrane) most receptor/carrier proteins.
peripheral proteins
associated with membranes through ionic interactions and are located
on or near membrane surface. can be attached to integral proteins
(glycoproteins of cell recognition complex)
,glycocalyx
layer of carbon cells outer surface
oligosacccharde side chain
located on membrane layer facing away from cytoplasmic matrix
glycoproteins
receptor for hormones, certain nutrients, and help regulated
intracellular communication necessary for cell growth and tissue
formation
glycolipids
help with structure of plasma membrane
salivary glands
release mixture of water, mucus, and enzymes
accessary organs
liver, gallbladder, pancreas
liver
produces bile, important secretion needed for lipid digestion
gallbladder
stores releases bile, needed for lipid digestion
pancreas
releases pancreatic juice that neutralizes chyme and contains enzymes
needed for carbohydrate, protein, and lipid digestion
what are the main organs in the digestive tract?
oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
pharnyx
part of oral cavity, propels food from back of oral cavity into
esophagus
esophagus
transports food from pharynx into stomach
stomach
muscular contractions mix food with acid and enzymes, causing
physical breakdown of food into chyme
small intestine
major site of enzymatic digestion and nutrient absorption
large intestine
receives and prepares undigested food to be eliminated from body as
feces
sublayers of small intestine from innermost to most superficial
1. mucosa
2. submucosa
3. muscular externa
4. serosa
mucosa
, innermost mucous membrane layer. produces and releases secretions
needed for digestion. lymphoid tissue protects the body. (epithelium,
lamina proper, muscular mucosa)
submucosa
connective tissue, contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves,
lymphoid tissue. (contains nerves-->submucosal plexus)
muscularis externa
2 layers of smooth muscle (longitudinal/circular) which influence
movements of Gi tract. responsible for peristalsis (GI motility)
serosa
connective tissue, outer cover that protects GI tract called visceral
peritoneum
secretions of oral cavity
salivary glands secrete saliva that contains water, electrolytes,
mucus, antibacterial/antiviral compounds, enzymes (mainly salivary
amylase, hydrolyzes alpha (1,4) bonds in starch.
a gastric gland and its secretions (mucosa)
contains:
1. gastric mucosal barrier
2. gastric pit-produces gastric juice
3. mucus-secreting neck cells on surface of gastric pit produce
alkaline mucus that forms the gastric mucosal barrier. This protects
the mucosal lining from the acidity of the gastric juice.
4. chief (peptic or zymogenic cells) produce enzymes needed for
protein digestion
5. parietal (oxyntic) cells produce HCl and intrinsic factor, which
is needed for B12 absorption.
6. enteroendocrine G-cells: produce hormone gastrin which stimulates
parietal and chief cells
muscularis contains
diagonal muscle, circular muscle, longitudinal muscle
What GI hormones/peptides stimulate gastric motility and secretions
gastrin
gastrin-releasing peptide
histamine
motilin
What GI hormones/peptides inhibit gastric motility and secretions
substance P
cholecystokinin
enterogastrone
gastric inhibitory polypeptide
peptide YY
somatostatin
vasoactive intestinal polypeptide
SOLUTIONS GRADE A+ GUARANTEED
Cell Membrane or Plasma Membrane (FUNCTION)
cells are surrounded by phospholipid bilayer that contains embedded
proteins, carbs, and lipids. Membrane proteins act as receptors
sensitive to external stimuli and channels that regulate movement of
substances into and out of cell.
Golgi apparatus (FUNCTION)
Series of membrane sacs that process and package proteins after they
leave the rough ER
Contains digestive enzymes that break up protein, lipids, nucleic
acids. They also remove and recycle waste products
Cytoplasm
gel-like substance inside the cells. contains cell organelles,
proteins, electrolytes, and other molecules.
nucleus
contains the DNA in the cell. molecules of DNA provide coded
instructions used for protein synthesis
mitochondria
organelles produce most of energy ATP used by cells
rough ER
series of membrane sacks that contain ribosomes that build and
process proteins
smooth ER
region of ER involved in liid synthesis. do NOT have ribosomes, NOT
involved in protein synthesis
smooth ER
region of ER involved in lipid synthesis. do NOT have ribosomes, NOT
involved in protein synthesis
cholesterol
in between phosphoglycerides, enhances mechanical stability and
regulates membrane fluidity
integral proteins
part of transport system allowing specific water soluble substances
to pass through membrane. attached to membrane through hydrophobic
interactions (embedded in membrane) most receptor/carrier proteins.
peripheral proteins
associated with membranes through ionic interactions and are located
on or near membrane surface. can be attached to integral proteins
(glycoproteins of cell recognition complex)
,glycocalyx
layer of carbon cells outer surface
oligosacccharde side chain
located on membrane layer facing away from cytoplasmic matrix
glycoproteins
receptor for hormones, certain nutrients, and help regulated
intracellular communication necessary for cell growth and tissue
formation
glycolipids
help with structure of plasma membrane
salivary glands
release mixture of water, mucus, and enzymes
accessary organs
liver, gallbladder, pancreas
liver
produces bile, important secretion needed for lipid digestion
gallbladder
stores releases bile, needed for lipid digestion
pancreas
releases pancreatic juice that neutralizes chyme and contains enzymes
needed for carbohydrate, protein, and lipid digestion
what are the main organs in the digestive tract?
oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
pharnyx
part of oral cavity, propels food from back of oral cavity into
esophagus
esophagus
transports food from pharynx into stomach
stomach
muscular contractions mix food with acid and enzymes, causing
physical breakdown of food into chyme
small intestine
major site of enzymatic digestion and nutrient absorption
large intestine
receives and prepares undigested food to be eliminated from body as
feces
sublayers of small intestine from innermost to most superficial
1. mucosa
2. submucosa
3. muscular externa
4. serosa
mucosa
, innermost mucous membrane layer. produces and releases secretions
needed for digestion. lymphoid tissue protects the body. (epithelium,
lamina proper, muscular mucosa)
submucosa
connective tissue, contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves,
lymphoid tissue. (contains nerves-->submucosal plexus)
muscularis externa
2 layers of smooth muscle (longitudinal/circular) which influence
movements of Gi tract. responsible for peristalsis (GI motility)
serosa
connective tissue, outer cover that protects GI tract called visceral
peritoneum
secretions of oral cavity
salivary glands secrete saliva that contains water, electrolytes,
mucus, antibacterial/antiviral compounds, enzymes (mainly salivary
amylase, hydrolyzes alpha (1,4) bonds in starch.
a gastric gland and its secretions (mucosa)
contains:
1. gastric mucosal barrier
2. gastric pit-produces gastric juice
3. mucus-secreting neck cells on surface of gastric pit produce
alkaline mucus that forms the gastric mucosal barrier. This protects
the mucosal lining from the acidity of the gastric juice.
4. chief (peptic or zymogenic cells) produce enzymes needed for
protein digestion
5. parietal (oxyntic) cells produce HCl and intrinsic factor, which
is needed for B12 absorption.
6. enteroendocrine G-cells: produce hormone gastrin which stimulates
parietal and chief cells
muscularis contains
diagonal muscle, circular muscle, longitudinal muscle
What GI hormones/peptides stimulate gastric motility and secretions
gastrin
gastrin-releasing peptide
histamine
motilin
What GI hormones/peptides inhibit gastric motility and secretions
substance P
cholecystokinin
enterogastrone
gastric inhibitory polypeptide
peptide YY
somatostatin
vasoactive intestinal polypeptide
