UCLA AOS1 Final Exam Review Questions With 100% Correct Answers

UCLA AOS1 Final Exam Review Questions With 100% Correct Answers What was the Montreal Protocol? - answerIntroduced 5 years after the discovery of the ozone hole, this protocol gradually phased out production of ozone-destroying CFCs. CFC production ended in the US and Europe in 1996, and in less developed countries in 2010 Give and describe 3 reasons as to why the Montreal Protocol is seen as the model for success in climate policy. - answerSound science - Which made very clear the connection between CFCs and ozone destruction. Economic incentive - Chemical industry created a strong economic incentive to develop viable alternatives to CFCs, which took a year or two. Equity - Equity issues between developed and developing nations were recognized and accounted for. Developing nations were asked to phase out CFCs later than the wealthy countries. Global commitment - A fund was established by the wealthy countries to assist the developing countries in converting from CFCs to less harmful chemicals, resulting in a global commitment to solving the problem Much like the problem of ozone depletion, climate change is a classic example of __________ - answerThe Tragedy of the Commons: An economic theory by which multiple independent parties deplete a common resource. Each party, acting in its own self-interest, uses as much of the resource as it can, thereby behaving contrary to the long-term best interest of all the parties Nation states can enter into ________ or _________, to manage the global commons - answerAgreements, treaties Nation states that don't enter agreements or treaties are subject to ___________ by nation states that are parties to the treaty - answerTrade sanctions Countries are particularly motivated by their relationships with other countries, especially their ________________ - answerTrade relationships What was the outcome of the 1992 Earth Summit (UN Conference on the Environment and Development)? - answerSeveral major environmental treaties and other documents came out of this summit, including an international environmental treaty known as the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) What was the objective at hand for the 1992 Earth Summit? - answerObjective was to stabilize GG concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system UNFCCC does not set _____________ or specify how parties to the treaty should attempt to lower their emissions, instead it establishes the ____________ by which these things are negotiated and agreed to - answerGreenhouse Gas Emissions Targets, process ________________ is when all parties to the treaty send delegates to this conference, where more specifics are hammered out - answerAnnual Conference of Parties Documents outlining these specifics, such as emissions targets, are known as ______________ - answerProtocols In 1997, the _____________________ set emissions targets that signing parties would have to meet between 2008 and 2012 known as first commitment period - answerKyoto Protocol The Kyoto Protocol separated countries into two categories. What were they and what separated the two categories? - answerDeveloped Countries (Annex I) and Developing Countries (Non-Annex I) Annex I had GG emissions reduction obligations and must submit an annual GG inventory. Annex II had no GG emission reduction obligations What was the "North-South Debate" that the Kyoto Protocol sparked? - answerDeveloping countries in the global "South" insisted on their right to develop and emit GGs, pointing out that developed countries are responsible for the lion's share of cumulative emissions. Many developed countries in the global "North" refused to take on emissions reductions obligations if developing countries didn't. Why was the Kyoto Protocol ultimately a failure? - answerThe "North-South Debate" caused many of the biggest emitters to not participate. Only some countries met their Kyoto targets between 2008 and 2012. Paris Agreement was adopted with the goal of keeping global warming below __________, was also the threshold set by the Copenhagen and Doha agreements - answer2 degrees celsius Why do these agreements focus on the 2 C threshold? - answerIt was arbitrarily set by policymakers because they needed a specific goal in order to get countries to commit to cutting emissions. The problem is that it's a difficult threshold to stay under, only RCP2.6 will confidently keep us below it. Why is the Paris Agreement distinct from previous agreements? - answerOther agreements used a 'top-down' approach that set and imposed emissions reduction targets for all countries, lacked commitment, and they missed clear ways of monitoring and enforcing emissions targets. The Paris Agreement used a 'bottom-up' approach that allowed countries to set their own emissions reduction targets