CSULB BIO 207 LAB EXAM 1 Exam study guide 2024 latest update already graded A+.

Lab 1: What are the 4 primary tissue types? Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous Lab 1: Major roles, subtypes or cell types of Epithelial tissue -fxn: protect, secrete, absorption, excretion -Types of Membranes: Columnar, Cubodial, Squamos -Glands: Endocrine & Exocrine Lab 1: Membrane: Columnar -column like -found in intestines Lab 1: Membrane: Cubodial -cube shape -found in kidney Lab 1: Membrane: Simple Squamous -squished/flat, found in air sacs of lungs Lab 1: Major roles, subtypes or cell types of Connective tissue -fat, blood, bone -Adipose: found throughout body, stores energy -Cartilage: support/protect(, ear) -Bone: structure, support (ex. skeleton) -Blood: found in blood vessels, transports material Lab 1: Skeletal muscle -attaches to bone, causes movement -striated, conscious control Lab 1: Smooth muscle -movement of internal organs(arteries) -skinnier at end, involuntary, no striation Lab 1: Cardiac muscle -pumps blood into heart -striated, 1 nucleus per cell, voluntary Lab 1: Endocrine vs Exocrine glands 1) Endocrine: no ducts, secrete hormone in blood(ex. adrenal gland) 2) Exocrine: ducts, secrete outside the body(ex. sweat glands, pancreas) Lab 1: Major roles, subtypes or cell types of Nervous tissue nueron- electrical impulses glial cell- strucural, support 1: Relationship between Ph and H -high H, Low PH (ACID) 7 or below -low H, high PH (BASE) 7 or above 1: Define Buffer -soln that resists change in PH when Acid is added -typically involves weak acid with salt 1: Homeostasis maintenance of internal environment 1: Normal range -acceptable variability around set point 1: Negative Feedback -highest and lowest points on graph 1: Stimulus change that evokes response 1: Effector acts to bring variable back to set point 2: Diffusion -net movements of atoms from area of high concentration to low concentration 2: Osmosis - diffusion of H2O across selectively permeable membrane from high to low concentration 2: Osmotically active -H2O moves towards soln with higher concentration 2: Which membrane in selectively permeable? plasma membrane 2: Hypertonic -h2o moves out of cell -cell shrinks (crenate) -OSM outside > OSM inside 2: Hypotonic -h2o moves in cell -cell expands -could burst (lyse) -cell shape: not visible 2: Isotonic -OSM out= OSM in -H2o moves in/out @ same rate -cell shape: round 2: What types of molecules can and cant easily cross the lipid portion of the plasma membrane with out the help of a transporter? CAN: non polar molecules (steroids, CO2, O2) CANT: ions/charged molecule (Ca2+) & polar molecules (glucose) 2: Solubility -like dissolve like 2: ionic bonds -weak/ multiple ex. CaCl2- 3 particles 2: covalent bond -strong/together ex. C6H12O6- 1 particle 2: Hydrophilic Solubility -polar solutes(sugar) mix with H2o -ionic solutes(salts) 2: Hydrophobic Solubility -cant dissolve in H2o -non polar solutes(lipids, fats, oil) 2: What process was demonstrated in the dye agar experiment? How did you determine that the process was occurring? 1) Serial Dillutions 2) Each time dye was added, the color of each test tube got lighter 2: What was demonstrated in the shell-less egg experiment? Which molecules moved and didnt move through selectively permeable membrane? Why did movement occur or not occur? 1) Osmosis 2) Egg in salt: got smaller(shrunk), Hypertonic rxn -water(polar) moved through the eggs membrane -h2o moves toward high conc 3) Egg in water: hypotonic rxn, h2o moves in -eggs mem permeability able to move across aquaporins where proteins are osmotically active 2: What process demonstrated in the thistle tube experiment? -Osmosis -purple had higher conc then green, which means higher osmotic pressure then green -h2o moved into cell 3: Dehydration Synthesis -monomers put together to form polymers by losing water 3: Hydrolysis -chem breakdown by using water to split polymers 3: Lipid -insoluble in h2o (ex. triglyceride) 3: Fxn of spectrophotometer/colorimeter? What type of light does it shine through? -Fxn: find concentration & how to maintain homestasis levels -uses monochromatic(visible) light to measure conc of soln -1 wavelength (nm)= 1 color 3: What should the blank of a colorimeter consist of? Everything EXCEPT what you are measuring -the cuvette and soln you are diluting the soln in 3: Whats the purpose of zeroing the spectrophotometer/colorimeter? -Purpose of zeroing is to take out the absorption of the cuvette and solvent 3: Which is more accurate, Beers Law or Line of Best Fit? Line of best fit -reason for error could be pipetting error 3: Diabetes mellitus is associated with the inability of tissues to respond to or to produce what hormone? Insulin 4: Substrate starting material 4: Product ending material 4: Amylase sugars broke down from saliva 4: catalyst -speeds us rate of rxn, NOT altered by rxn -can be chemical(inorganic) or biological (organic) 4: Chemical catalyst ferric oxide , rusty nail 4: Biological catalyst catalase (enzyme) 4: Enzyme -bio catalyst (catalase, kinase, etc "ase") -increase rxn by decreasing activation energy -very specific; lock and key model 4: Denature -has primary structure, is nonfunctional bc doesnt bind to surface -temperature below or above 37 denatures into primary structure - moves from low PH to high PH 4: Saturation -all active sites bind to surface -enzyme activity reaches maximum 4: Catalase binds to what? hydrogen peroxide 4: Amylase binds to what? starch 4: starch + water =? maltose 4: Hydrogen Peroxide Demo 1) Hydro Pero(substrate) damaged cells 2) Body gets rid of it using specific enzymes, chemical catalysts carry out same rxn in non bio systems 3) When Hydro Pero disappears- bubbles stop bc cant have product w/o substrate 4) ADD Hydro Pero- more bubbles bc add substrate, the catalyst has more to break down therefore you get more product 4: How do pH, temperature, and substrate concentration affect enzyme activity? TEMP: temp increase/decrease enzyme activity increase/decreases, peaks @ body temp: 37 C -if temp too hot or too cold protein denatures- cant fxn PH: enzymes with dif PH are compartmentalized to dif atom SUBSTRATE CONC: rxn rate increase as sub conc increase until reaches max enzyme saturation 4: How do we increase enzyme concentration in the body? DNA>RNA> Protein 4: What affects time? Activators and Inhibitors 4: Do all enzymes have same optimum PH? How does body ensure optimal PH for dif enzymes? 1) No 2) enzymes with dif PH are compartmentalized to dif atoms 4: Do all human enzymes have same temperature? How does body ensure optimal temp? 1) Yes, 37C 2) maintain temp through homeostasis and negative feedback 4: Amylase experiment Substrate: Iodine Test which measures Starch Product: Bennedicts test, measures maltose 4: Bennedicts Test -detects maltose -BLUE: No maltose -BROWN: +/++ -ORANGE/RED: ++/+++ 4: Which results in orange? starch + amylase at 37C 4: Iodine Test - detects starch -DARK PURPLE/BLUE: most starch ++++ - LIGHTER PURPLE/BLUE: +++ - LAVENDER: ++ - Clear: no starch 5: Nueron strucutral/functional unti 5: synapse connection between nueron & 2nd cell 5: sensory nueron signal to CNS (afferent) 5: motor nueron -signals out from CNS to effector cells (efferent) -sends message away to muscle 5: reflex -involuntary motor response to stimulus w/o involvement of brain tissue -not consciously aware until already happening -prevent tissue damage 5: reflex arc -nerve impulse pathway of reflex -simple, few neurons & few synapses 5: How many monosynaptic arc nuerons? 2 nuerons 1 neuron-nueron synapse 5: Spindle Fiber -cluster special muscle in contact with sensory neuron -within muscle that contracts - if tendon stretched, muscle will and so will spindle fiber 5: Sensory receptor -receive info from internal/external enviro + transduces info into impulses 5: Chemoreceptors smell, taste, PH 5: Mechanoreceptors touch, pressure, stretch, sound, balance 5: Photoreceptors sight 5: Thermoreceptors temperature (hot/cold) 5: Perception interpretation of world by brain (ex. sight, smell, sound) 5: Cutaneous Receptors detect pain & temperature 5: Receptor Field -area of skin that activates single neuron 5: 2 PT Threshold -smallest distance between 2 pts that is percieved as being touched by 2 pts (if 1 nueron activated, 1 received, etc..) 5: Large 2 Pt Threshold -pts far apart -few nuerons (ex. back of leg) - low density, low sensory portion of brain used 5: Small 2 Pt Threshold -pts close together -many neurons (ex. fingertips) - high density, high sensory portion of brain used 5: Sensory Adaptation -stop paying attention to constant stimuli -get used to it 5: Order of events for knee jerk reflex 1) Strike patellar tendon, causes stretch in quad 2) Muscle spindle fiber stretched, then sensory neuron sends message to CNS 3) Sensory (afferent) neuron meets motor (efferent) neuron at 1 synapse @ spinal cord 4) Motor neuron signals muscle, leg kicks 5: Where are spindle fibers located? What do they respond/dectect to? Located: in muscle that contracts, connected to tendon Detect: sensory neuron wrapped around spindle, will detect stretch 6: Cornea outer clear area of eye (1) 6: Pupil opening in eye(2) 6: Iris color of eye (4) 6: Lens focuses light on retina (3) 6: retina back of eye (7) 6: Optic disk -blind spot, blood vessels enter/exit - no photoreceptors 6: fovea sharp vision (6) 6: Refraction -bending of light as it passes different material -light bends at 1) cornea 2) lens 6: Define Visual Acuity -sharpness of vision -line with smallest letters that you can read determines acuity 6: What is the numerator/demoninator of sight? What is normal vision? -numerator: how far away YOU are -denominator: how far away AVERAGE person is -Normal: 20/20 6: What is better than normal vision? - when denominator is lower than numerator 6: What is myopia vision? -nearsighted "TOO EARLY" -poor distance vision >> eyeball too long or lens too strong >> light focused in front of retina/fovea 6: What is hyperopia vision? -farsighted "TOO LATE" - poor near vision >> eye too short or lens too weak >> light focused behind fovea/retina 6: Astigmitition vision -irregularities in curvature of cornea or lens -causes parts to look fuzzy/ blurry Show 21 more Add or remove terms