Psy 3604 Final Exam Questions and Answers 2024 Complete;100% verified

Hallmark feature of schizophrenia - Answer-psychosis: loss of contact with reality Eugen Blueler - Answer-named Schizophrenia, split mind epidemiology of schizophrenia - Answer-1. prevalence: 0.7% 2. risk: older father, parent that works as dry cleaner, migrants 3. peak onset: 18-30. Males develop it earlier and more severe cases 4. female sex hormones may be protective Schizophrenia update DSM 4 to 5 - Answer-eliminate requirement for only 1 other symptom when certain certain delusions or hallucinations were present Schizophrenia symptoms - Answer-- Delusions: fixed, false beliefs of grandeur. 90% of patients - Hallucinations: visual or auditory. Auditory in 75%. Activates Broca's area - Perceptions: without environmental stimuli. - Illusions: misinterpretation of actual stimuli. - Ideas of Reference: only personalizing environmental stimuli to self. - Neologisms: self-coined words. - Echolalia: the repetition of words or phrases heard from another person. - Echopraxia: imitation of movement or gestures of another person. Scizoaffective disorder - Answer-schizophrenic features plus severe mood disorder. Better long term outcome than schizophrenia schizophreniform disorder - Answer-Psychotic disorder involving the symptoms of schizophrenia but lasting less than 6 months. delusional disorder - Answer-a psychotic disorder in which the primary symptom is one or more delusions, erotomania: great and irrational love for someone usually of high statusbrief psychotic disorder - Answer-psychotic episodes with a duration of at least 1 day but less than 1 month, usually caused by stress Family factors in schizophrenia - Answer-1. MZG concordance is 28% 2. Finnish adoptive family study: genetic risk plus family communication deviance leads to thought disorder. Diathesis-stress model. 3. kids of normal MZG twin have same rate of inheritance as schizophrenic twin Molecular genetics of Schizophrenia - Answer-1. candidate genes: suspected to play a role 2. COMT: chromosome 22, dopamine metabolism, people with certain variant more likely to become psychotic if they use cannabis as adolescent 3. neuregulin 1 and dysbindin gene affect dopamine receptors 4. endophenotypes: perceptual aberrations, magical ideation, poor performance on working memory tests 5. copy number variations imply link with ASD and ADHD prenatal exposures and schizophrenia - Answer-1. Virus: maternal influenza during pregnancy triggers proinflammatory cytokines and raises risk 3-7x 2. patients with schizophrenia have 53% chance of having immune disorder 3. rhesus incompatibility raises risk to 2% 4. famine 2x risk. 5. maternal stress 67% risk increase 6. MZ monochorionic embryos (share placenta) have 60% concordance. Dichrionic have 11% neurodevelopmental exposures of Schizophrenia - Answer-1. preschizophrenia: children show motor abnormalities. Found in home videos 2. attenuated psychosis syndrome: mild psychotic symptoms at risk for further schizophrenia. Needs more research, could lead to stigma Neurocognition in Schizophrenia - Answer-1. Low IQ increases risk 2. decline in cognitive ability and IQ in predromal phase 3. poor reaction time, poor continuous performance test, poor memory, less prefrontal cortex activity, poor smooth pursuit eye movement 4. no auditory habituation. P50 suppression isn't presentBrain volume and function and schizophrenia - Answer-1. enlarged ventricles 2. 3% reduction of brain volume 3. prefrontal, temporal, amygdala, hippocampus, thalamus affected 4. disconnectivity in white matter 5. cytoarchitecture changes: increased or decreased density 6. excessive pruning 7. head injuries increase risk Neurochemistry of Schizophrenia - Answer-1. excess dopamine 2. antipyschotics block dopamine receptors 3. abuse of amphetamines increases dopamine and can cause psychosis 4. "aberrant salience" model proposes that psychotic symptoms first emerge when chaotic brain dopamine transmission leads to the attribution of significance to stimuli that would normally be considered irrelevant. 5. low glutamate levels, which can cause degeneration 6. dopamine inhibits release of glutamate so high DA means low Glut Psychosocial and cultural factors of schizophrenia - Answer-1. schizophrenogenic mothers, cold and aloof, no evidence 2. double-bind hypothesis: mixed parenting signals 3. communication deviance affects genetically at risk 4. expressed emotion (EE): excessive criticism and emotional overinvolvement is predictor of relapse 5. urban living increases risk 6. immigration 7. cannabis: schizophrenic patients 2x more likely to use, which makes symptoms worse Clinical outcome of schizophrenia - Answer-1. 38% favorable outcome 2. 12% need long term institutionalization 3. 30% continued illness 4. increased death by suicide by 12% and is lower in treated patientspharmacology of schizophrenia - Answer-1. first gen: chlorpromazine, haldol, thorazine dopamine antagonists. Can cause Parkinson's like tremors, tardive kinesia in 56% of long term users, 2. neuroleptic malignant syndrome: caused by first gen, toxic reaction, fatal if untreated 3. second gen: clozapine, have less extrapyramidal side effects, drowsiness, weight gain, diabetes 4. estrogen has antipyschotic effect psychosocial approaches to treat schizophrenia - Answer-1. case management increases stability and lowers time in hospitals 2. family therapy lowers EE. Not used as much as it should be 3. social skills training lowers risk of relapse, increases function 4. cognitive remediation 5. exercise: promotes neurogenesis, reduces inflammation, works against weight gain Anosognosia - Answer-A condition in which a person with an illness seems unaware of the existence of his or her illness. Sign of brain damage Diffuse vs. Focal Damage - Answer-1. diffuse: widespread, attention often impaired 2. focal: specific areas of abnormal structural change 3. left brain: language and math 4. right brain: spatial relations, grasping ideas, intution brain injury in accidents - Answer-18% of patients attempt suicide delirium: - Answer-1. acute brain failure, between wakefulness and coma 2. disturbed awareness, confusion, bad concentration 3. fluctuates rapidly 4. elderly are at high risk, especially after surgery 5. 10-51% of surgery patients. Cardiac especially, bad prognostic sign 6. causes: head injury, infection, drug intoxication or withdrawal 7. irreversible when caused by terminal illness or brain trauma8. most treatable by medication, environmental manipulations, neuroleptics, benzodiazepines used for withdrawal major neurocognitive disorder - Answer-1. markedly decreased cognitive abilities, slow onlset in the elderly, memory affected first 2. parkinson's, huntingtons, alzheimers Parkinson's disease - Answer-1. most common neurodegenerative after Alz 2. more common in men, prevalence increases with age 3. tremors due to loss of dopamine neurons in substantia nigra 4. 25-40% show cognitive impairment 5. exercise important in treatment 6. DBS might work Huntington's disease - Answer-1. onset around 40, no sex difference 2. caused by single dominant gene on chromosome 4 3. progressive chorea: involuntary movements randomly affecting all parts of body 4. loss of brain tissue, cognitive decline before onset 5. dementia, death 10-20 years after onset