Biology 1406 Final Exam Study Questions and Answers with Complete Solution 100% Solved Graded A 2024

What is homeostasis - the process whereby living organisms regulate their cells and bodies to maintain relatively stable internal conditions What are the characteristics of living things - 1. Cells and Organization 2. Energy use and metabolism 3. Response to environmental changes 4. Regulation and homeostasis 5. Growth and Development 6. Reproduction 7. Biological Evolution atom - the smallest component of an element having the chemical properties of the element molecule - Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds. macromolecule - many molecules bonded together to form a polymer such a polypeptide (carbohydrates, proteins and nucleic acids are examples) cell - the simplest unit of a living organism, composed of molecules and macromolecules, form larger structures such as membranes tissue - association of many cells of the same type organ - two or more types of body tissues combined to perform a common function organism - a living thing that maintains an internal order that is separated from the environment population - group of individuals of the same species that occupy the same environment and can interbreed with one another community - an assemblage of populations of different species that live in the same place at the same time ecosystem - the biotic community of organisms in an area as well as the abiotic environment affecting the community biosphere - the regions on the surface of the earth and in the atmosphere where living organisms exist What are the two mechanisms of evolutionary change - Vertical descent and horizontal gene transfer vertical descent - Progression of changes in lineage (a series of ancestors). Occurs from generation to generation. New species evolve from pre-existing species by accumulation of mutations (natural selection) horizontal gene transfer - A process in which an organism incorporates genetic material from another organism without being the offspring of that organism What are the three domains - Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya What are the four kingdoms - animalia, fungi, plantae, and protista bacteria - single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus; prokaryotes archaea - Single-celled, no nucleus, Live in harsh conditions eukarya - Domain of all organisms whose cells have nuclei, including protists, plants, fungi, and animals protista - single-celled organism with nuclei (algae, protozoans) plantae - A classification kingdom made up of eukaryotic, multicellular organisms that have cell walls made mostly of cellulose, that have pigments that absorb light, and that supply energy and oxygen to themselves and to other life-forms through photosynthesis animalia - Kingdom of the most complex organisms; multi-cellular, heterotrophic, lack rigid cell walls, mobile, tissues in internal organs, sensory organs, nervous system taxonomy - the science of naming and classifying organisms binomial nomenclature - a system for giving each organism a two-word scientific name that consists of the genus name followed by the species name genomes - the complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all the genetic material in that organism's chromosomes proteomes - the complete complement of proteins that a cell or organism can make scientific method - a general approach to gathering information and answering questions so that errors and biases are minimized Five Stages of Scientific Method - Observations, Hypothesis, Experimentation, Data & Analysis, Accept/Reject Hypothesis metabolism - All of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism biological evolution - Changes in the genetic composition of a population through successive generations. theory - a broad explanation of some aspect of the natural world that is substantiated by a large body of evidence; makes valid predictions hypothesis - a proposed explanation for a natural phenomenon based on previous observations or experimental studies discovery-based science - the collection and analysis of data without the need for a preconceived hypothesis subatomic particles - protons, neutrons, and electrons where are subatomic particles located - Protons and neutrons are found in the nucleus and electrons are found in the electron shell protons - positive- found in nucleus- same number as electrons neutrons - neutral- found in nucleus- number can vary electrons - negative- found in orbitals- same number as protons why are atoms electrically neutral - they have an equal # of protons and electrons orbitals - Regions within electron shells where electrons orbit the nucleus s orbitals - sphere shaped; hold 2 electrons p orbitals - 3 dumbbell/propeller shaped orbitals (2p); can hold 4 pairs of electrons 1st shell - holds a max of 2 electrons; 1 spherical orbital (1s) 2nd shell - 1 spherical orbital (2s) & 3 dumbbell shaped orbitals (2p) can hold up to 8 electrons What is the atomic number of an atom - The number of protons in the nucleus of the atom atomic mass - total mass of the protons and neutrons in an atom, measured in atomic mass units