Table of Contents
Work Organization and Job Design....................................................................................3
Week 1 chapter 1 ..................................................................................................................... 3
Week 1 Chapter 2 ..................................................................................................................... 4
Hierarchy of needs theory: .............................................................................................................................6
Two-factor theory: ..........................................................................................................................................7
Theory X and Theory Y: ...................................................................................................................................8
The job characteristics model .........................................................................................................................9
Socio-technical system and autonomous work groups ................................................................................11
Role theories and Job demand theories: ......................................................................................................11
Job demand-control model: .........................................................................................................................12
Job demands-recourses model.....................................................................................................................13
Work design questionnaire ...........................................................................................................................14
Expanded model of work design ..................................................................................................................16
Theory of purposeful work behavior: ...........................................................................................................16
Antecedents of work design: ........................................................................................................................17
Week 1 Chapter 3 ................................................................................................................... 18
Holistics multilevel model of work design ....................................................................................................18
Week 1 Lecture ...................................................................................................................... 20
Week 2 Operations Management and Human work ................................................................ 23
Work .............................................................................................................................................................24
Week 2 The Workplace ........................................................................................................... 26
The workplace ..............................................................................................................................................26
Tasks in the workplace: .................................................................................................................................26
Tasks of the customer ...................................................................................................................................27
Inputs and resources of a workplace............................................................................................................28
Outputs: Products vs Serivce ........................................................................................................................29
Week 2 Work study – Method Study ....................................................................................... 30
Historical development.................................................................................................................................30
Method study ...............................................................................................................................................30
Motion study ................................................................................................................................................31
Week 2 Work study – Time Study ........................................................................................... 32
Time study: ...................................................................................................................................................32
Scope of the Time study ...............................................................................................................................33
Week 2 Learning effects ......................................................................................................... 33
Modeling learning processes ........................................................................................................................34
Learning curve ..............................................................................................................................................34
Week 2 Lecture ...................................................................................................................... 35
Week 3 Antecedents of Work Design ...................................................................................... 37
Formal and informal processes of work design ............................................................................................37
Formal decision-making process ..................................................................................................................37
Informal, emergent processes of work design .............................................................................................38
Multilevel influences and their mechanisms in work design .......................................................................38
Contextual influences ...................................................................................................................................39
Organizational influences .............................................................................................................................40
Local context influences ...............................................................................................................................41
Individual influences .....................................................................................................................................42
1
, Job crafting ...................................................................................................................................................42
Week 3 Organizing work ......................................................................................................... 43
Division of Work............................................................................................................................................44
Liking workplaces: functional structure & line structure .............................................................................44
Week 3 Human work in production lines ................................................................................. 45
Workplace in a line .......................................................................................................................................45
Transport between workplaces ....................................................................................................................47
Buffers between workplaces ........................................................................................................................47
Multiple products on a line ..........................................................................................................................48
Week 3 Human work in functional structures .......................................................................... 48
Workplaces within a functional structure ....................................................................................................49
Week 3 Technology in the workplace ...................................................................................... 50
Week 3 Antropocentrism in production .................................................................................. 51
Week 3 work design in a digital world ..................................................................................... 52
Lecture week 3 ....................................................................................................................... 53
Week 4 Individual work performance as an outcome of work design ....................................... 57
Uncertainty ...................................................................................................................................................57
Interdependence ..........................................................................................................................................57
Week 4 A framework for incorporating human factors into production .................................... 59
Week 4 Workplace and Ergonomics ........................................................................................ 61
Physical ergonomics......................................................................................................................................61
Cognitive ergonomics: ..................................................................................................................................62
The physical work environment ...................................................................................................................62
Week 4 Lean manufacturing and work .................................................................................... 63
Week 4 Visual management ................................................................................................... 64
Lecture week 4 ....................................................................................................................... 65
Week 5 Mediators and moderators of work design ................................................................. 67
Job characteristics model .............................................................................................................................67
Job Diagnostics Survey (JDS):........................................................................................................................68
General mental ability (GMA): ......................................................................................................................68
Job demand-control model ..........................................................................................................................69
Job demands-resources model.....................................................................................................................70
Theory of purposeful work behavior ............................................................................................................71
Situation strength theory and trait activation theory ..................................................................................72
Lecture week 5 ....................................................................................................................... 74
2
,Work Organization and Job Design
Week 1 chapter 1
Operations management (OM): the business function that plans, organizes, coordinates and
controls the resources needed to product a company’s goods and services
• One of the core functions within the organization
Transformation process: the creation of goods and/or services
• It converts inputs and resources into outputs (product/service) on the initiative of a
customer, with a certain frequency and with the aim of adding value to meet the needs
of a customer
Work design is an aspect that needs to be addressed when designing, and improving the
transformation processes in a firm
OM seeks to optimize work design in transformation processes to enable the production of
goods and/or services with the desired cost, dependability, flexibility, quality and speed
Organizational behavior (OB): the study of how people behave and interact in an
organization at different levels: individual, team and organizational
Work design is both a process and an outcome:
• Process: how managers and employees plan and execute the (re)structuring of tasks,
workers, technology, workplace and their interactions
• Outcome: describes the features of work that emerge from the design process
o Features (work characteristics) have 4 categories
1. Task: nature and content of the tasks associated with a job and how
they are accomplished
2. Knowledge: type and level of knowledge and cognitive skills required
to perform a job
3. Social: degree and quality of social interactions and relationships that
workers have with others in their work environment (colleagues,
customer, etc)
4. Work context: physical and environmental conditions under which
workers perform their tasks (ergonomics, safety, health)
Work design questionnaire (WDQ): tool that measures the four categories of work
characteristics and their impact on workers and organizations.
3
, Antecedents influence work design at several levels (a thing that existed before or logically
precedes another):
• External level: global competition, national economy
• Organizational level: strategy, structure, culture
• Workgroup level: team, composition, norms
• Individual level: personality, motivation, values
Work design has human and system effects:
• Human can be grouped into:
o Work characteristics: features of work that workers perform (task,
knowledge, social)
o Psychological mechanism: cognitive and emotional processes in employees
that are activated by the work characteristics (experienced meaningfulness of
work)
• System: operational performance of the transformation process of which work design
is a part and concerns the delivery of products and services at the desired cost,
dependability, and flexibility. Quality and speed
Work design has both human and operational system effects, it requires the integration of OM
and OB knowledge to optimize these effects. → The human effects of work design partly
determine the operational system effects of the transformation process of which work design
is a part.
Good work design optimizes work processes and operational performance at multiple levels
(individual, team, organization) and creates high-quality work that motivates, satisfies and
retains employees, benefiting both the employee and the organization.
Week 1 Chapter 2
Taylor’s scientific management (1911):
• Increased labor productivity and organizational profit by optimizing work design and
work processes in production
• Huge and complex factories, workers unskilled, managers untrained
• Mass production, harmed workers’ morale, motivation health and well-being
• Maximizing output and minimize labor cost
Design of work: work methods were based on guesswork, tradition, and habits
Work environment: dangerous, unhealthy and unpleasant
Work relations: strained, hostile and conflictual
4
Work Organization and Job Design....................................................................................3
Week 1 chapter 1 ..................................................................................................................... 3
Week 1 Chapter 2 ..................................................................................................................... 4
Hierarchy of needs theory: .............................................................................................................................6
Two-factor theory: ..........................................................................................................................................7
Theory X and Theory Y: ...................................................................................................................................8
The job characteristics model .........................................................................................................................9
Socio-technical system and autonomous work groups ................................................................................11
Role theories and Job demand theories: ......................................................................................................11
Job demand-control model: .........................................................................................................................12
Job demands-recourses model.....................................................................................................................13
Work design questionnaire ...........................................................................................................................14
Expanded model of work design ..................................................................................................................16
Theory of purposeful work behavior: ...........................................................................................................16
Antecedents of work design: ........................................................................................................................17
Week 1 Chapter 3 ................................................................................................................... 18
Holistics multilevel model of work design ....................................................................................................18
Week 1 Lecture ...................................................................................................................... 20
Week 2 Operations Management and Human work ................................................................ 23
Work .............................................................................................................................................................24
Week 2 The Workplace ........................................................................................................... 26
The workplace ..............................................................................................................................................26
Tasks in the workplace: .................................................................................................................................26
Tasks of the customer ...................................................................................................................................27
Inputs and resources of a workplace............................................................................................................28
Outputs: Products vs Serivce ........................................................................................................................29
Week 2 Work study – Method Study ....................................................................................... 30
Historical development.................................................................................................................................30
Method study ...............................................................................................................................................30
Motion study ................................................................................................................................................31
Week 2 Work study – Time Study ........................................................................................... 32
Time study: ...................................................................................................................................................32
Scope of the Time study ...............................................................................................................................33
Week 2 Learning effects ......................................................................................................... 33
Modeling learning processes ........................................................................................................................34
Learning curve ..............................................................................................................................................34
Week 2 Lecture ...................................................................................................................... 35
Week 3 Antecedents of Work Design ...................................................................................... 37
Formal and informal processes of work design ............................................................................................37
Formal decision-making process ..................................................................................................................37
Informal, emergent processes of work design .............................................................................................38
Multilevel influences and their mechanisms in work design .......................................................................38
Contextual influences ...................................................................................................................................39
Organizational influences .............................................................................................................................40
Local context influences ...............................................................................................................................41
Individual influences .....................................................................................................................................42
1
, Job crafting ...................................................................................................................................................42
Week 3 Organizing work ......................................................................................................... 43
Division of Work............................................................................................................................................44
Liking workplaces: functional structure & line structure .............................................................................44
Week 3 Human work in production lines ................................................................................. 45
Workplace in a line .......................................................................................................................................45
Transport between workplaces ....................................................................................................................47
Buffers between workplaces ........................................................................................................................47
Multiple products on a line ..........................................................................................................................48
Week 3 Human work in functional structures .......................................................................... 48
Workplaces within a functional structure ....................................................................................................49
Week 3 Technology in the workplace ...................................................................................... 50
Week 3 Antropocentrism in production .................................................................................. 51
Week 3 work design in a digital world ..................................................................................... 52
Lecture week 3 ....................................................................................................................... 53
Week 4 Individual work performance as an outcome of work design ....................................... 57
Uncertainty ...................................................................................................................................................57
Interdependence ..........................................................................................................................................57
Week 4 A framework for incorporating human factors into production .................................... 59
Week 4 Workplace and Ergonomics ........................................................................................ 61
Physical ergonomics......................................................................................................................................61
Cognitive ergonomics: ..................................................................................................................................62
The physical work environment ...................................................................................................................62
Week 4 Lean manufacturing and work .................................................................................... 63
Week 4 Visual management ................................................................................................... 64
Lecture week 4 ....................................................................................................................... 65
Week 5 Mediators and moderators of work design ................................................................. 67
Job characteristics model .............................................................................................................................67
Job Diagnostics Survey (JDS):........................................................................................................................68
General mental ability (GMA): ......................................................................................................................68
Job demand-control model ..........................................................................................................................69
Job demands-resources model.....................................................................................................................70
Theory of purposeful work behavior ............................................................................................................71
Situation strength theory and trait activation theory ..................................................................................72
Lecture week 5 ....................................................................................................................... 74
2
,Work Organization and Job Design
Week 1 chapter 1
Operations management (OM): the business function that plans, organizes, coordinates and
controls the resources needed to product a company’s goods and services
• One of the core functions within the organization
Transformation process: the creation of goods and/or services
• It converts inputs and resources into outputs (product/service) on the initiative of a
customer, with a certain frequency and with the aim of adding value to meet the needs
of a customer
Work design is an aspect that needs to be addressed when designing, and improving the
transformation processes in a firm
OM seeks to optimize work design in transformation processes to enable the production of
goods and/or services with the desired cost, dependability, flexibility, quality and speed
Organizational behavior (OB): the study of how people behave and interact in an
organization at different levels: individual, team and organizational
Work design is both a process and an outcome:
• Process: how managers and employees plan and execute the (re)structuring of tasks,
workers, technology, workplace and their interactions
• Outcome: describes the features of work that emerge from the design process
o Features (work characteristics) have 4 categories
1. Task: nature and content of the tasks associated with a job and how
they are accomplished
2. Knowledge: type and level of knowledge and cognitive skills required
to perform a job
3. Social: degree and quality of social interactions and relationships that
workers have with others in their work environment (colleagues,
customer, etc)
4. Work context: physical and environmental conditions under which
workers perform their tasks (ergonomics, safety, health)
Work design questionnaire (WDQ): tool that measures the four categories of work
characteristics and their impact on workers and organizations.
3
, Antecedents influence work design at several levels (a thing that existed before or logically
precedes another):
• External level: global competition, national economy
• Organizational level: strategy, structure, culture
• Workgroup level: team, composition, norms
• Individual level: personality, motivation, values
Work design has human and system effects:
• Human can be grouped into:
o Work characteristics: features of work that workers perform (task,
knowledge, social)
o Psychological mechanism: cognitive and emotional processes in employees
that are activated by the work characteristics (experienced meaningfulness of
work)
• System: operational performance of the transformation process of which work design
is a part and concerns the delivery of products and services at the desired cost,
dependability, and flexibility. Quality and speed
Work design has both human and operational system effects, it requires the integration of OM
and OB knowledge to optimize these effects. → The human effects of work design partly
determine the operational system effects of the transformation process of which work design
is a part.
Good work design optimizes work processes and operational performance at multiple levels
(individual, team, organization) and creates high-quality work that motivates, satisfies and
retains employees, benefiting both the employee and the organization.
Week 1 Chapter 2
Taylor’s scientific management (1911):
• Increased labor productivity and organizational profit by optimizing work design and
work processes in production
• Huge and complex factories, workers unskilled, managers untrained
• Mass production, harmed workers’ morale, motivation health and well-being
• Maximizing output and minimize labor cost
Design of work: work methods were based on guesswork, tradition, and habits
Work environment: dangerous, unhealthy and unpleasant
Work relations: strained, hostile and conflictual
4
