CREST CRT syllabus - extra questions With Correct Answers Latest Update

What is MPLS? - ANSWER-Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) is a type of data-carrying technique for high-performance telecommunications networks that directs data from one network node to the next based on short path labels rather than long network addresses, avoiding complex lookups in a routing table. 5 Common ICMP messages? - ANSWER-1. Ping request/reply (8, 0), 2. destination unreachable (3), 3. redirect (5), 4. timestamp (13) and timestamp reply (14), 5. time exceeded (11) Why was ISO 31000:2009 contentious in its definition of risk? - ANSWER-One of the key paradigm shifts proposed in ISO 31000 is a controversial change in how risk is conceptualised. Under the ISO 31000:2009 and a consequential major revision of the terminology in ISO Guide 73, the definition of "risk" is no longer "chance or probability of loss", but "the effect of uncertainty on objectives" ... thus causing the word "risk" to refer to positive possibilities as well as negative ones. - Wikipedia What is the main 2G standard? - ANSWER-GSM What is the main 2.5G standard? - ANSWER-GPRS 2.5G ("second and a half generation") is used to describe 2G-systems that have implemented a packet-switched domain in addition to the circuit-switched domain. It does not necessarily provide faster service because bundling of timeslots is used for circuit-switched data services (HSCSD) as well. The first major step in the evolution of GSM networks to 3G occurred with the introduction of General Packet Radio Service (GPRS). CDMA2000 networks similarly evolved through the introduction of 2.5G. Its approach centred on the use of packet data. Up until this time all circuits had been dedicated to a given user in an approach known as circuit switched, i.e. where a complete circuit is switched for a given user. This was inefficient when a channel was only carrying data for a small percentage of the time. The new packet switched approach routed individual packets of data from the transmitter to the receiver allowing the same circuit to be used by different users. This enabled circuits to be used more efficiently and charges to be metered according to the data transferred. What is the main 2.75G standard? - ANSWER-2.75G (EDGE)