NAVLE STUDY GUIDE WITH QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2024.

NAVLE STUDY GUIDE WITH QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2024. Xylitol toxicity - answer - rapid release of insulin = monitor for HYPOGLYCEMIA - high ALT = SAME, ursodiol, N-acetylcysteine, milk thistle Bleach toxicity - answer - dilute stomach w/ MILK - DO NOT induce emesis - GI protectants Black widow spiders - answer - latrodectus mactans, L. Hesperus - ACh is the toxin that binds to Ca channels = ascending motor paralysis and destruction of peripheral nerves - signs = recumbent, vocalizing, pain, rigidity w/ muscle spasms - death from resp/cardio failure Warfarin toxicity - answer - ANTICOAGULANT = clotting factors II, VII, IX, X - signs = 12-16 hrs, slowly developing; PT prolonged soonest after ingestion - give vit. K1 for 3-4 wks (if chronic give plasma too) = do NOT give vit. K1 to horses (nephrotoxic; only plasma) - most common site of hemorrhage = thoracic cavity - spontaneous bleeding below 45 (or 25K) platelets - platelets < 10,000 = IMTP, DIC - diagnosis = PIVKA Brodifacoum toxicity - answer - D-con rodenticide - inhibits epoxide reductase (loss of Vit. K) - give vit. K and monitor PT Bromethalin toxicity - answer - seizures - low dose = paralysis - high dose = convulsions Cholecalciferol toxicity - answer - converted to active Vit. D = increased resorption of calcium and gut absorption - can lead to fatal hypercalcemia + hyperphosphatemia = tissue mineralization - tx = phosphate binders (aluminum hydroxide, bisphosphonates, fluids (NaCl)), prednisone/prednisolone (decrease osteoclastic activity) NAVLE STUDY GUIDE WITH QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2024 - DO NOT give sulfa drugs = potentiate toxicity - human Vit. D supplements are high in Ca and P! Strychnine toxicity - answer tetanic seizures Zinc oxide - answer - gas - decontaminate = don't breathe in! Ethylene glycol - answer - always isosthenuric in stage 1/2 = ethanol (osmotic diuretic) - crystals don't tell you about stage = present all the time - stage 1 = ethanol, acidosis (CNS depression, V/D, ataxia, severe metabolic acidosis) - stage 2 = less depression, still acidotic, tachypnea - stage 3 = azotemia, casts, protein in urine --> treat renal dz - dx = high anion gap, azotemia, calcium oxalate crystalluria, metabolic acidosis, hyperglycemia, PU/PD or oliguria, hypocalcemia - tx = aimed at alcohol dehydrogenase - give 4-methylpyrazole (4-MP, fomepazole) --> effective 6-8 hrs post ingestion (best within 3); DOES NOT WORK ON CATS; ethanol competes Organophosphate toxicity - answer - inhibit acetylcholinesterase = muscarinic signs - DUMBSLED - tx = atropine or 2-PAM - DO NOT sedate w/ acepromazine Fleet enema toxicity - answer - high in phosphorus = decrease in serum calcium - hypernatremia and hyperphosphatemia - hypocalcemia --> weakness, shock, tremors, seizures - tx = calcium gluconate, phosphorus binders, insulin and dextrose (if hyperkalemic) Strychnine (snail bait) toxicity - answer - competitively antagonizes glycine = loss of impulse contractility in spinal cord and brainstem - affects striated muscle - tx = methocarbamol (for convulsions), prevent stimulation Chocolate toxicity - answer - methylxanthines (theobromine, caffeine) - CNS excitation, tachycardia, vasoconstriction, vomiting/diarrhea = measure HR and BP - tachycardia = atenolol, acepromazine - enterohepatic circulation = repeated AC, fluids Pyrethrin (fipronil) toxicity - answer - toxic to CATS - alters sodium ion channels to increase length of depolarization - signs = depression, hypersalivation, ataxia, muscle tremors - tx = methocarbamol, bathe Grissonia simplicifolia toxicity - answer - herbal supplement - can lead to serotonin syndrome Acetaminophen toxicity - answer - toxic to CATS and ferrets - cats lack glutathione and glucoronyl transferase --> heinz body hemolytic anemia + liver damage + methemoglobinemia - facial and paw edema = allergic/hypersensitivity - tx = emesis/gastric lavage within 4-6 hrs, N-acetylcysteine - monitor methemoglobin (>50% grave) Toxins causing heinz body anemia - answer - methylene blue, molybdenum deficiency, rye grass, brassica family - zinc = pennies after 1983 - onions (allium) = hemolytic anemia, HEMOGLOBINURIA; sheep resistant - red maple leaves = dried leaves; HORSES (icterus, colic) - moth balls (naphthalene) = also see GI signs Toxins causing renal failure - answer - grapes and raisins - lillies = ARF in cats; stargazer, day, asiatic, tiger, easter - helogeton = oxalate calculi/oxalate nephrosis - tx = decontaminate, diurese 48-72 hrs, apomorphine ONCE) or dexmedetomidine/xylazine - do NOT give hydrogen peroxide = hemorrhagic gastritis (give omeprazole) Nitrate toxicity - answer - NO3 + rumen = NO2 (nitrite) - binds to hemoglobin --> methemoglobin - tx = methylene blue.