NCLEX FINAL ASSESSMENT CHEAT SHEET FOR RESPIRATORY ASSESSMENT 2024
Percussion • Percussion of a well-ventilated lung should sound resonant, with dullness over ribs or pathology Adventitious sounds Characteristics Crackles • High-pitched (fine), medium-pitched (medium), or low-pitched (coarse) popping sounds • Heard on inspiration and not cleared by coughing Rhonchi • Low-pitched, coarse, wet snoring/moaning sounds • Heard more on expiration than inspiration Wheeze • High-pitched musical squeaking • Heard more on expiration than inspiration Pleural rub • Low-pitched, dry, coarse, rubbing sound • Heard on inspiration and expiration and are not cleared by coughing Stridor • A harsh high-pitched noise when breathing caused by obstruction of the airway Adventitious lung sounds Eupnea Normal breathing rate and pattern Tachypnea Increased respiratory rate Bradypnea Decreased respiratory rate Apnea Absence of breathing Cheyne-Stokes Gradual increases and decreases in respirations with periods of apnea Kussmaul’s sign Tachypnea and hyperpnea Breathing patterns Anterior axillary line Midsternal line Midclavicular line Midaxillary line Posterior axillary line Anterior axillary line Respiratory landmarks R
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