AAMC MCAT FL 3 exam questions fully solved & verified for accuracy 2024

thermodynamic mixture the more stable isomer will be the most most favorable (will be of larger percentage in the product) energy stored by capacitors constant deceleration means that the velocity over time will decrease linearly with time linearly decreasing decelerating force means that velocity over time will exponentially decrease with time The relative thermodynamic stability of isomeric organic compounds can be inferred from which of the following types of experimental data? heat of combustion (thermodynamic property) ex: if there is less heat, then the stability of the compound will be greater when labeling a compound to monitor the rate of a reaction or determine which groups are removed, where should you apply the label? label whichever groups will not be removed from the final product (will be retained) Kw Ka*Kb activation energy the minimum amount of energy required to start a chemical reaction can be determined by taking the difference between the amount of energy for the activated complex and the energy of the reactants electron configuration exceptions Cr and Cu Cr = 3d5 4s1 Cu = 3d10 4s1 chelate any coordination compound composed of a central metal atom and an organic molecule composed of multiple bonds in a ring structure uniform electric field Electric field strength is equal in magnitude and has the same direction at all points in the region; electric field lines are equally spaces at both electrodes and between them Which experimental conditions are necessary to achieve reliable data for Michaelis-Menten enzyme kinetics? Initial velocity is measured under steady state conditions. Solution pH remains constant at all substrate concentrations. The concentration of enzyme is lower than that of substrate. **If the reaction is at equilibrium before taking any measurements, it would be impossible to determine the enzyme kinetics due to nothing happening acetylation addition of acetyl group pyrrole ring five-sided heterocycle containing one nitrogen atom part of heme group porphyrin Complex nitrogenous compound containing four substituted pyrroles covalently joined into a ring; often complexed with a central metal atom. inverse of conductivity resistivity Nernst equation Ecell= E°cell - (0.0592V/n) log(Q) gibbs free energy equation ΔG = ΔH - TΔS cation exchange column (ion exchange chromatography) only binds to positively charged proteins and only occurs if the pH of the buffer is less than the pI of the protein anion exchange column (ion exchange chromatography) only binds to negatively charged proteins and only occurs if the pH of the buffer is more than the pI of the protein convergent evolution process whereby distantly related organisms independently evolve similar traits to adapt to similar needs ex: shark and dolphin what type of enzyme is a protease? hydrolase does alternative splicing occur in eukaryotes or prokaryotes? eukaryotes secondary active transport Form of active transport which does not use ATP as an energy source; rather, transport is coupled to ion diffusion down a concentration gradient established by primary active transport. primary active transport Active transport in which ATP is hydrolyzed, yielding the energy required to transport an ion or molecule against its concentration gradient. facilitated diffusion Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels histone acetylation the attachment of acetyl groups (-COCH3) to certain amino acids of histone proteins, the chromatin becomes less compact, and the DNA is accessible for transcription enzyme = histone acetyltransferase (HAT) histone deactylation histone deactylases are proteins that function to remove acetyl groups from histones, which results in a closed chromatin conformation and decrease in gene expression levels n the cell. ketone bodies the product of the incomplete breakdown of fat when glucose is not available in the cells acetoacetate (AcAc), 3-beta-hydroxybutyrate (3HB), and acetone complex III Q-cytochrome c oxidoreductase complex IV cytochrome c oxidase complex II succinate dehydrogenase complex I NADH dehydrogenase imprinted gene a gene of which only the mother's or the father's copy is expressed, but not both in the normal Mendelian sense rna replicase an enzyme that can produce RNA from an RNA template optimal conditions for enzymes Enzymes require specific environmental conditions to work and are most effective at optimal conditions; factors influencing enzyme reactions are pH, temperature, and amount of substrate interpersonal attraction liking or having the desire for a relationship with another person similarity between participants, physical attractiveness, and the number of times the individuals have met each other in previous experiences