Final Exam: BIOS 256 / BIOS256 (2024/ 2025 Update) Anatomy and Physiology IV | Complete Guide with Questions and Verified Answers| 100% Correct| Grade A -Chamberlain

Final Exam: BIOS 256 / BIOS256 (2024/ 2025 Update) Anatomy and Physiology IV | Complete Guide with Questions and Verified Answers| 100% Correct| Grade A -Chamberlain Q: Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Modifies water excretion independently of sodi- um excretion -Kidneys reabsorb more water -Slows further increase in blood sodium concentration Q: ADH helps with Answer: sodium reabsorption to reabsorb more water Q: High sodium concentration in the blood stimulates the Answer: posterior pituitary to release ADH Q: Sodium Homeostasis Answer: æ Adult needs about 0.5 g of sodium per day æ Typical American diet contains 3 to 7 g/day æ Primary concern: excretion of excess dietary sodium Q: Aldosterone Answer: • "Salt-retaining hormone" • Primary role in adjusting sodium excretion Q: Hyponatremia and hyperkalemia directly stimulate the? Answer: the adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone Q: Hypotension stimulates? Answer: its secretion by way of the renin-angiotensin-aldos- terone mechanism Q: Atrieses Answer: removal of sodium ions via urination stimulation by ANP Q: Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) inhibit Answer: sodium reabsorption, water reabsorp- tion, secretion of renin and ADH Q: Kidneys eliminate what? Answer: more Na+ and water, lowering BP via natriuresis Q: Sodium homeostasis achieved by regulating Answer: salt intake -Salt cravings in humans and other animals Q: pH of a solution is determined solely by Answer: its hydrogen ions (H+) Q: Acids Answer: æ Any chemical that releases H+ in solution Q: Hydrochloric Acid (HCI) Answer: -a strong acid -ionizes freely -gives up H+ ions -Lowers pH of solution Q: carbonic acid (H2CO3) Answer: -weak acid -ionizes slightly -keeps most H+ chemically bound -does not affect pH Q: When pH goes up Answer: basic Q: When pH goes down Answer: acidic Q: Buffers maintaining pH for how long? Answer: A buffer will maintain a pH within range for a specific amount of time when challenged until it fails Q: When the buffer system fails it can result in? Answer: Acidosis and Alkalosis Q: normal pH range of blood and tissue fluid Answer: 7.35 to 7.45 Q: Metabolism constantly produces Answer: acid