Demonstration and Research Pest Control Latest Update Graded A+

Demonstration and Research Pest Control Latest Update Graded A+ Federal Insecticide Fungicide and Rodenticide Act FIFRA "any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, repelling, or mitigating and pest" Pesticide "any substance or mixture of substances intended for use as a plant regulator, defoliant, or desiccant." Pesticide Pesticides that are generally more acutely toxic and inhibit a vital physiological process. Broad spectrum Broad spectrum insecticides that inhibit cholinesterase - an enzyme in animal nervous systems. Organophosphates and carbamates Broad spectrum herbicides that inhibit a key reaction in photosynthesis. Triazines There is a trend away from broad spectrum pesticides and toward ______ pesticides which are aimed at certain metabolic action sites, and sometimes, certain pest organisms. This almost always results in products with reduced risks toward pesticide handlers and non-target organisms. specialized activity A highly specific pesticide with minimal non-target organism impact is _____ which disrupt insect growth, egg production, and caste differentiation in some social insects. Insect growth regulators A highly specific pesticide with minimal non-target organism impact is the insecticidal bacterium _____ which is highly selective against certain insect pests. Bacillus thuringiensis A highly specific pesticide with minimal non-target organism impact is the selective _____ which inhibits synthesis of vital amino acids only in certain plants. sulfonylurea herbicides The movement, dissipation, degradation, and accumulation of pesticides in the biosphere. Environmental fate Pesticides reach the soil through these three routes _____ intentional application, spills, drift, and contaminated precipitation. Pesticides reach surface water through these six routes _____ intentional application, spills, drift, contaminated precipitation, soil leaching, and surface runoff. Pesticide residues reach ground water through these two routes _____ leaching and negligent contamination of wells. The degradation and movement of a pesticide in soils depends on these four things _____ chemistry (reactivity/stability), physical properties (water solubility/volatility), and the biotic and abiotic factors in the soil. a phenomenon where pesticides are degraded more rapidly by populations of organisms who have previously been exposed to the pesticide. This is generally seen as a positive thing although it can happen sometimes so rapidly that it interferes with the pesticides ability to function. Sometimes they are introduced to clean up contaminated soil. EMD - Enhanced Microbial Degradation Some abiotic factors that influence pesticide degradation are _____ soil composition, moisture content, pH, organic matter, tilth, UV radiation, and pesticide volatilization and the mineral surface area that is in contact with water. Soil mineral surface area can range from a _____ to a _____ square meters per liter. few hundred to a few thousand EPA has established the _____ and the _____ for the level of pesticides in ground water. MCL (maximum contaminant level) and the HAL (health advisory level) is the combination of a substance's inherent toxicity and the amount of exposure to that product. Risk Toxic substances may enter the body through